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FOR SALE ONLY 

By WHEEDON & LITTLE CO. 

204 SOUTH SPRING ST 



LOS ANGELES 
THEN AND NOW 

BY *} & 



ATCHISON & ESHELMAN 

(HISTORIANS, ETC.) 



ILLUSTRATED 



L"S ANGELES: 

PRESS GEO. RICK & SONS (INC.) 

1897 



Y5 r 



V 2» 3 



2 " 



PROLEGOMENA^ 

HLMIGHTY truth, coupled with ad- 
miration for the onward strides of 
the metropolis, which sits at the 
foot of the majestic Sierra Madre montana. ex- 
hilarating with her genial climaiic munificence 
all who come within its range, is the plea for 
this souvenir. 

The aim has not been so much to illustrate as 
to point out the widely-extended possibilities of 
Los Angeles from a commercial and manufactur- 
ing aspect, recognizing the great truth that legiti- 
mate industries ever lie at the base of trade su- 
premacy. 

An intelligent and conservative consideration 
of the best means of expanding traffic tends to 
induce careful, practical men to thoroughly inves- 
tigate the opportunities for profitable investments 
of capital. To this purpose " Los Angeles Then 
and Now" is partial, fully realizing that the only 
correct and successful basis of permanent and 
gratifying growth is strict adherence to sound 
business principles. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 




THElNb* 



THE BEGINNING 



c 



HE seed precedes the plant, the shrub 
the tree no less certainly than the 

** ^^ discovery and the peopling lead the 
expansion and high estate of country and city. 
Equally true it is that in California, with her 1 51,- 
801 square miles, pastoralism and cross-bearing 
joined hands in removing obstructions for the 
advancing culture and civilization. 

Generations have rapidly passed from feudal- 
ism and knight-errantry into the realm of moral, 
mental and material felicity, studying ways and 
means to remove obstructional ignorance and 
discovering eternal principles and applying them 
to the up-lifting of mankind. In this evolution- 
ary process the cross has not necessarily suffered. 
Its interests have been especially promoted by 
enlarged liberties and judicious protection. 

THE FIRST COMERS. 

The annals of events which transpired under 
Spanish authority in the settlement of California 
are not interwoven with the very warp of details. 
It is a question of any recordal warp. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 




IO I.OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

In 1602 the Spanish admiral, Vizcaino, sailed 
into San Diego Bay and noted its boundaries. 
One hundred and sixty-five years later another 
citizen of Spain, Father Junipero Serra, fitted out 
an expedition in Lower California, divided it into 
four parts, two going by land and two by sea, for 
Upper or Alta California. 

Junipero Serra accompanied one of the parties 
by land. His lieutenant in things temporal was 
Galvez who thoughtfully carried with the enter- 
prise two hundred head of cattle and a large va- 
riety of seeds and cuttings. From the latter 
sprang many of the beautiful flowers, palms, and 
other semi-tropic flora which now shed their be- 
neficence on thousands of California homes. 

The two vessels of Junipero Serra sailed into 
San Diego Bay, April 11, 1767, and the union of 
the land and sea forces became the nucleus at that 
point of a new civilization for the aborigines. 
This scheme of improvement con^mplated the 
cross for its center and territorial expansion for 
its circumference. California became the child of 
Spain and the Indians, whether voluntarily or 
otherwise the unrecorded events deponeth not, 
became neophytes of the cross. 

Evidences, however, are not wanting as to the 
unselfish and emendatory conation of the pio- 
neer civilizers, who, up to the close of the last 
century, strove to elevate the minds and hearts 
of the natives rather than seek pecuniary advan- 
tages for themselves. Doubtless these removers of 
obstructions in the interests of a higher civiliza- 



LOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 




9m ^ 

— 52; — ? ■-" 



l3r ;: 




12 LOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

tion preferred to be called the Sons of Pharoah's 
daughter rather than enjoy the pleasures of sel- 
fish greed for a season. 

The death of Junipero Serra and his associates 
was the ushering in of selfish and personal exal- 
tation, which, in time, degrades, banishing the 
practical and imperishable principle of seeking 
the welfare of others. Such a condition could 
not otherwise than produce a decline of the In- 
dian race. Unable to resist the ravages of sel- 
fishness, the red man gradually disappeared, so 
that now there is but a remnant, — a handful of 
aimless, listless beings, the tailings of the high 
purpose and extraordinary efforts of the Padres 
to eliminate low conditions and transfer into a 
better and nobler state. Thus the California In- 
dians have gone through every grade of experi- 
ence except that of abiding. 

EXTENSIONS. 

Soon after the founding of the San Diego Mis- 
sion, the promoters of Spanish interests pushed 
their way northward and arriving at a river, 
whose source is in the Sierra Madre mountains, 
named it San Gabriel, in honor of the Angel Ga- 
briel. Here a mission was planted, but in Sep- 
tember, 1771, it was moved to the point where it 
now is, near Alhambra. 

PROSPERITY. 

The rich soil, perfect climatic conditions, and 
abundance of water with frugal management, 
enabled the Padres to gather wheat, and cattle, 
and sheep, and goats, and horses in plentitude. 



I/)S ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



13 




14 LOS ANGEIyES I THEN AND NOW 

The business interests, as well as the spiritual 
beneficences, were managed by the Fathers, and 
so successful were they in temporal accretions 
that in 1825 the value of the live stock was $8,- 
850,000; church ornaments and money, $1,500,- 
000, or a total of $10,350,000. Nine years later, 
1834, there were 66,345 horses, 1,044,470 head of 
cattle and a large number of sheep and oher do- 
mestic animals, grazing on the hills and in the 
valleys — a vast pastoral domain uninvaded by 
the hum of industry's wheel, yet paving the way 
for the Now. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



15 




r* 



LOS ANGELES^ 

EUSTRA Senora la Reina de Los An- 
geles (Loce-ang-he les) was first set- 
1 tied by twelve familes of mixed people 
whocame from Senora, Mexico. Th^-y were not 
possessed with an insatiable desire to know and 
understand the source and relations of the funda- 
mental law of things, but were wholly dependent 
upon the intelligent class for subsistence. Their 
dwellings were made of adobe covered with brea 
found near their habitations. In 1790 the pop- 
ulation numbered 140. In 1800 it amounted to 
315 whites. In 1809 Samuel Workman was the 
first American to arrive. The development was 
slow. Education did not find favorable admit- 
tance until 1817, when the first school w r as 
opened. In 1822 the fiist town council was or- 
ganized. The old church near the Plaza was 
completed. 

THE CAPITAL. 

In 1835 the Mexican Congress passed an act 
designating Los Angeles as the capital of Alta 
California; but Monterey disputed this edict and 
effort and retained the seat of government until 
Pio Pico became governor in 1846, when the first, 



I«OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 7 









R. W, BURNHAM 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 19 

and, what proved to be the last, session was held 
here, the United States coming into possession of 
the territory in 1847. 

SANTA FE TRAIL. 

During 1835 the great Santa Fe trail came 
into existence, thus establishing connection be- 
tween Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Alca Califor- 
nia points. By 1846 the trail had gained some 
overland traffic, hides and tallow going eastward 
and a few articles of manufactured goods coming 
westward. These might be termed the "seeds" of 
the present "Santa Fe" traffic. 

CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT. 

Spain may be said to have been a leader in 
territorial acquisition during the sixteenth, seven- 
teenth and eighteenth centuries, but her methods 
of colonization and perpetuation are extraordi- 
nary only in decay. In Alta California, as else- 
where in her dependencies, the obtaining of reve- 
nue was the prime consideration. Nourishing 
and developing Alta California was not a part of 
Spanish policy. Her soldiery was recruited from 
the criminal class. They were poorly fed, rarely 
paid and illy provided. This condition was not 
fruitful of patriotism; hence when Commodore 
Stockton and General Fremont resolved . to 
possess the land in the name of the United States 
in 1846, the difficulties readily vanished. Gen. 
Kearney arriving at the close of the year, his 
forces and Commodore Stockton's were united 
and on January 10, 1847, Los Angeles passed 



20 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

into their possession and the change of govern- 
ment brought about improved commercial- con- 
ditions. 

GOLDEN CRESTED. 

In 1849 the discovery of gold changed the en- 
tire aspect of affairs, since which time California 
may well be denominated golden-crested; for this 
addition of wealth-getting to her flocks and herds, 
and the subsequent cereal and fruit productions, 
have placed her in the foremost ranks of afflu- 
ence. All her developments and opulence are 
golden-hued with high attainments. The popu- 
lation of Los Angeles at this time was 2500. 

FIRST OVERLAND STAGE-COACH. 

October 7, 1858, the first overland coach by 
way of the Texas Staked Plains through El Paso 
and Yuma arrived. Thus the ploughshare of 
overland transportation made its first furrow in 
the native glebe and became the heralder of a 
coming enormous traffic. 

ARRIVAL OF TELEGRAPHY. 

October 3d, 1860, the small, sharp noise of the 
telegraph was first heard in the city of Angels. 
This was an additional evidence of the arrival of 
new conditions and the waning of the old. The 
discovery of gold, the production of wheat and 
cattle, the incursions of the invincible Saxons 
who speedily opened up transportation facilities 
by sea and land stimulated trade and brought 
prosperity with great rapidity. 



I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 




22 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

FIRST RAILROAD. 

The first railroad into the city was built by 
the people. The county issued bonds to the 
amount of $225,000, and built a road therewith 
to Wilmington, San Pedro Harbor. The eyes of 
the people have not ceased looking at San Pedro 
harbor as the natural gateway of the coming ori- 
ental commerce. October 6th, 1869, marked the 
completion of the people's railway. The natives 
were astounded on seeing a locomotive and cars 
speeding over the country. Admiring the sim- 
plicity of their fathers and dreading the terrors 
of innovations, they clung, with tenacity, to their 
wooden-wheeled carretos, their wooden plows, ox 
yokes, and rawhide. The iron age had not come 
to them. That which they needed they made. 
Rawhide served instead of nails, and screws and 
bolts and hinges. Nature's inswinging and out- 
swinging door was ever open to them. The Mes- 
tizo is always Spanish; hence mix the blood as 
you will, the Moorish comes to the top. Their 
industry was mixed with uncomplaining quali- 
ties, their habits and customs having been hewn 
out of a pastoral and patriarchal life. The age 
of steel, if not steal, has well-nigh rooted them 
all out. The iron horse did its share. 

THE FIRST FINE FABRIC. 

The Pico block, corner of Main street and the 
Plaza, rose into magnificence in 1869, and was 
utilized for business and a hotel. Thirty years 
have not yet fled into the unreturning time, yet 



2 j LOS ANGELES - . THEN AND NOW 




FRANK G. SCHUMACHEK 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 25 

scores of structures have overshadowed the Pico. 
In its day it was pre-eminently a leader, and as 
the city takes on age perhaps even the Pico 
House may be permitted to enlist in the ranks of 
the Landmark Club. 

THE INITIAL BANKS. 

Exclusive ruralism was now giving place to 
manufacturing and commerce. Trade relations 
were established and a bank became a necessity; 
hence, in 1869, Governor Downey opened one in 
the D.twney block. This was soon followed by 
the Farmers' and Merchants' bank under the 
direction of I. W. Hellman and others. The mod- 
ern American had come. He came planting. 
His plants were carefully watered and culti 
vated. They accreted. They abide. 

MORE STAGE LINES. 

Connections with San Diego, Havilah, San 
Bernardino and San Francisco were established 
by means of omnibuses. The Concord stage sup- 
planted the caballero. Six or ten might ride in- 
stead of one. 

RAILROADS. 

The Southern Pacific Company was an early 
arrival and has proven a persevering stayer, first 
securing the people's railway to San Pedro, and 
then obtaining control of the Santa Monica line 
which had been built by Tom Scott. September 
8, 1877, this company made connections with its 
Central Pacific line in San Francisco, this giving 
Los Angeles an all-rail route eastward. 



26 I<OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

From 1875 to 1882 the wheels of commerce re- 
volved slowly, trade conditions were very unsat- 
isfactory, the people were inclined to restlessness, 
many desiring to rid themselves of their hold- 
ings and seek more remunerative investments 
elsewhere. In the latter year, however, the 
Southern Pacific Company completed its track to 
the Mexican Gulf ports and the fleet-footed, 
lustre-eyed gazelle of prosperity, bounding once 
more over city and country, causing charming 
cheerfulness to possess the minds and hearts of 
the people, the population leaping from 33,881 in 
1880 to over 51,000 in 1890. 

November 9, 1885, a new transcontinental 
highway of commerce, the Santa Fe Railway, 
gained entrance into the city. This was the sig- 
nal for sharp, stimulating competition in trans - 
missional trade, thus quickening every branch of 
business. The years 1886-87 witnessed phenom- 
enal commercial transactions. Rate cutting be- 
tween competing railway lines resulted in bring- 
ing many thousands of passengers from Missouri 
River points at $5 each. The city and country 
became a vast bee-hive of humanity, not, how- 
ever, seeking the honey of permanent prosperity 
by sound industrial means, but by transferrance 
one from the other. Climatic elements so genial 
and full of blessings to mankind, unsurpassed 
mountain seenery, the almost limitless variety of 
soil productions, the close proximity of the mighty 
Pacific, whose broad bosom beckons a sure and 
growing oriental commerce — all these doubtle 



T^OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 27 




LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 29 

created unparelled enthusiasm in the minds of 
the newcomers. The ready real estate promoter 
was at hand. He always is. His quick preemption 
marshalled the necessary forces to rush sales. 
The country was surveyed and staked into lots, 
varying in size from 25x150 feet to 50x200 feet. 
A day was set in which to offer them to investors. 
Train loads of men and women, accompanied by 
the auctioneer and brass band proceeded to the 
city on paper. Arriving, the auctioneer spread 
his map on the ground, put his foot on it to keep 
it from the playful antics of the sea breeze, he 
generously offered the lots which went quickly at 
prices ranging from $200 to #12(0 each. Mil- 
lions of dollars were thus invested; massive hotels 
sprung up in every village, water works were con- 
structed, white tents, resembling the encampment 
of vast soldiery graced the lots, thus signifying 
that the multitude really believed that if they 
had not found the fount of perpetual youth, they 
had had at least discerned the region of continu- 
ous joy. In this their conclusions were not far 
removed from the facts, but they soon learned 
that the lasting delights come only by a strict 
observance of the laws of practical industry. 

ISOTHERMAL CONDITIONS. 

It is a well-esablished law that where condi- 
tions exist which resulted in building up great 
cities that similar influences elsewhere must re- 
sult, when discovered and observed by thought- 
ful, practical men, in like accretions of wealth. 
The isothermal actuation existing where man has 



30 toS angles : Then and now 

attained to, and maintained the highest, moral, 
intellectual and commercial attitudes, willenahle 
man to do the same thing under life influences- 
The mean temperature of 60 degrees F. charac- 
terized the regions of Babalon, Athens, Sparta, 
Rome and other eastern cities where thought-con- 
ceptions stand pre-eminent among mankind. 

Coming to our own continent, the isothermal 
line of 60 degrees mean temperature, beginning 
near New York, extends west through Philadel- 
phia, St. Louis, Kansas City to Los Angeles, hold- 
ing within its reach Chicago, Omaha, Denver and 
San Francisco. This mean temperature of 60 
degrees F. wherein the human race reaches and 
maintains its highest development, may account, 
to some extent, for the phenomenal growth of 
Los Angeles and surroundings. Surely the mar- 
velous beauties and unbounded productions of 
California are just so many proofs that almighty 
truth and fixed elementary principles are the six- 
winged seraphim whose flights dispel error and 
mischievous, hurtful hindrances. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



31 




rfjj 

m rf rn 11 



litJIltPE 

U&BLER 




HEXNE BUILDING 



NOW^ 

e MERGING from her baptism of over- 
speculation in 1887, Los Angeles 
maintained, in a remarkable man- 
ner, her position as a veritable giant in the 
southwest. Notwithstanding the reactionary 
influences which everywhere encircled her, 
the population increased from 51,000 in 1890, to 
103,000 in 1897, or a gain of over 100 per cent, 
in seven years. The inspiration of Chicago is 
upon her. 

Then the city was destitute of a single paved 
street. Now there are to her credit nearly two 
hundred miles of graded and graveled streets; 
fourteen miles of paved highways, and one hun- 
dred and thirty-five miles of cement and asphalt 
footways, and nearly one hundred and forty 
miles of sewer. An outfall sewer eighteen miles 
in length reaches the ocean. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

The city is supplied with an abundance of 
water, which has its source in the snowy peaks 
of the Sierra Madre range. 

RAPID TRANSIT. 

Less than fifteen years ago the city had one 



LOS ANGEEES : THEN AND NOW 



35 




34 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

horse-car line. Now the total mileage is one 
hundred and twenty-seven, ninety eight percent, 
of which is operated by electricity. The three 
well equipped systems traverse a wide area, 
reaching all parts of the city. The local electric 
line reaches Mt. Lowe via Pasadena and Altadena 
to the north, and Santa Monica by the sea on the 
west. Handsome and well-equipped cars leave 
the central part of the city hourly for those 
points, the routes passing amidst ever-chang- 
ing, enchanting rural and mountain scenery. 
Breakfasting by the seaside, you may leave the 
cornfields at Santa Monica, view the deciduous 
fruit orchards, the orange and lemon groves on 
the way to Los Angeles, admire the stately hills 
of Highland, enjoy lovely Pasadena and meek 
Altadena, wonder at Rubio canyon, elevate your 
soul on the Incline railway, esteem the wonders 
beneath you on Echo mountain, and shout in 
ecstacy of delight at Alpine Tavern, 5000 feet 
above the ocean, lunch, and return to the sea to 
behold the setting sun in the mirrored waters. 

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 

In addition to the most excellent rapid tran 
sit in the city, there are twelve lines of railway, 
like the spokes of a wheel, radiating from the 
city. To the north extends the Southern Pacific 
to Portland via San Francisco. Also to Santa 
Barbara, where connections with the coast line 
will soon be effected. The Terminal reaches out 
to Tropico and Glendale, westward by the 
Southern Pacific and by the Santa Fe to Santa 



LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 



35 





36 i«os angles : Then and now 

Monica. Redondo is reached by the Santa Fe 
and Redondo Beach railway. Southwest to San 
Pedro the Terminal and the Southern Pacific are 
operated. South the Santa Fe reaches San Diego 
and Santa Ana, and the Southern Pacific extends 
to Santa Ana and Tustin. Eastward up the 
great San Gabriel and San Bernardino valleys 
stretches the Southern Pacific on its way to New 
Orleans, while the Santa Fe, passing through the 
Cajon Pass, reaches on to Chicago The Santa 
Fe, through its Southern California division, 
captivates its patrons with its kite-shaped track, 
up the valleys, via Pasadena, Monrovia, Azusa, 
Lordsburg, North Ontario, Rialto, San Bernar- 
dino, Redlands, Colton, Riverside, Orange, Ana- 
heim, Los Angeles. 

These Transcontinental systems now bring 
eastern cities and trade points into close touch 
with Los Angeles, and the fourth one via Salt 
Lake City will doubtless soon materialize, since 
there are yet only 300 miles to construct. 
seaward. 

Great and helpful as these transcontinental 
systems are, the sea route is destined to become 
equally wonderful and beneficial. South Amer- 
ica, the Pacific islands, Japan and China have 
caught the traffic inspiration, and Los Angeles is 
sure to secure a share of the results. 

COMMERCIAL BODIES. 

For the betterment of home and international 
trade relations and the material development of 
the city there exist the Chamber of Commerce, 



I,OS ANGELES ; THEN AND NOW 



57 




38 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

the Board of Trade and the Merchants' and Man- 
ufacturers' Association. Ever watchful to foster 
and encourage the exchange of products with 
countries that can supply us with what cannot 
be grown here, and to promote the substantial 
growth of the city and country, these commercial 
associations are truly the heart-pulses of the 
metropolis. 

These business bodies will meet you at the 
threshold of the city or at the gateway to South- 
ern California and give you substantial aid and 
encouragement. There will be no absurd offer of 
a bonus or anything that savors of corrupt prac- 
tices, but if the opening is here for your consider- 
ation and you see it to your advantage rest as- 
sured a welcome that will please, a hospitality 
magnetic in its influence and the incentive that 
a broad and liberal business man can becoming- 
ly accord another, awaits you. 

RELIGIOUS AND BENEVOLENT. 

In the interests of religion there are about one 
hundred churches, and devoted to charitable 
work are the Associated Charities, the Children's 
Home Society, The Florence Home, The News- 
boys' Home, The Sisters' School and Orphan 
Asylum, The Los Angeles Orphans' Home and 
Hollenbeck Home. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

It is with becoming pleasure that we present 
the following scholarly review of the educational 
interests from the pen of President G. W. White, 
D. D., of the Southern California University: 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 39 




ELLEN BEACH YAW Permission of Marceau 



HIGHER EDUCATIONS 

BY CEO. W. WHITE, I). D., PRESIDENT OF THE UNI- 
VERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



P 



ERH APS no one item would be of more 
, importance to many people contem 
plating removal to Los Angeles, than 
the facilities for the higher education of their 
children. 

As in others, so in this important matter, the 
city is able to afford first-class advantages. The 
growth of the institutions for higher education, 
while perhaps not equal in proportion to the 
city's rapid development, has been very marked 
and gratifying. While these institutions have 
been mainly denominational in control, as are 
the great majority of the colleges and universities 
of this country, they have not been narrowly sec- 
tarian in character 

St. Vincent's college, under the control of the 
Catholic church, was, perhaps, the first col- 
lege established in the city, having its buildings 
located at a point which seemed then quite re- 
moved from the business part of the city. But in 
the rapid development of the city from 1885 to 
1888, they soon found the business houses crowd- 



42 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

ing close up to them, so they sold their location 
on Hill between Sixth and Seventh, and removed 
to the corner of Grand avenue and Washington, 
where they now have ample and beautiful 
grounds, a commodious building, with a large 
church adjacent, and a strong, well-equipped 
school. 

The Dunkard's have a large colony at Lords- 
burg, about 25 miles east of Los Angeles, and 
founded a college there in 1888. It is thriving 
under their careful management. 

The Baptist people located a college in the 
beautiful section west of Westlake Park, about 
1886, but on account of some financial misfor- 
tunes with their property, have only been able to 
maintain it as an academy. However, they have 
developed it into a military academy, making it 
the only school of this character in the city. It 
thus has a peculiar field to itself. It is a board- 
ing school, and is well managed. Walter R. 
Wheat is principal. 

The Presbyterian church established their 
school, Occidental College, originally, just out- 
side the city limits, below Boyle Heights, where 
it was making good growth and a good record, 
but had the misfortune to have its building de- 
stroyed by fire in 1895. The school was then 
located in the old St. Vincent's College building 
on Hill street, where it has since remained. A 
new site, at Highland Park, midway between 
Los Angeles and Pasadena, has now been se- 
cured, and a fund raised for a new building 



LOS ANGELES ! THEN AND NOW 



43 




44 LOS ANGELES : tfHEN AND NOW 

which is soon to be erected. Rev. Guy W. Wads* 
worth is President. 

At Pasadena, ten miles from Los Angeles, is 
located the Throop Polytechnic Institute, an in- 
stitution for academic and industrial educa- 
tion. It is well-equipped, especially for teach- 
ing the industrial sciences, and is doing a fine 
grade of work. Dr. Walter A. Edwards is the 
President. It was founded in 1888. 

The Congregational Church has no school in 
Los Angeles, but has a very excellent one, Po- 
mona College, founded in 1887, at Claremont, 
about 30 miles east of Los Angeles. They have 
good buildings, in a beautiful location. An en- 
downment fund of $100,000 has recently been 
pledged. Prof. E. C. Norton is Dean. 

The only university in Southern California is 
located in Los Angeles, but its incorporate name, 
the University of Southern California, indicates 
that it does not plan to confine its field to the 
city alone. In fact its original plan involved the 
establishment of separate colleges at several dif- 
ferent places in the southern end of the State. It 
was founded in 1880, by the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, and had at that time only one depart- 
ment, a college of Letters, located in Los Ange- 
les. In 1887, under the influence of the marvel- 
ous development of the city and country at this 
time in progress, the institution was expanded 
into University proportion — colleges of Theology 
and Medicine being opened, the former at San 
Fernando, the latter at Los Angeles, while plans 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



45 




46 IyOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

were made for a college of Fine Arts at San Diego 
and a portion of the buildings were erected. A 
fine Seminary building was erected at Escondi- 
do, and an Agricultural College had already been 
opened at Ontario. Lands were donated to these 
different schools at that time for buildings and 
endowment, sufficient to give, according to the 
inflated values of that date, an aggregate value 
of more than two million dollars. Of course 
great things were expected of the institution from 
this promising beginning; but the collapse of the 
"boom" soon effected great changes. Values of 
the landed endowments rapidly declined, and 
much property was lost from inability to meet 
the conditions of the bequests. However, by wise 
and prompt efforts to meet these changed condi- 
tions, the institution has come out of its crisis 
with a splendid property still remaining. Deeds 
of trust have been changed to suit the new con- 
ditions; a plan of concentrating all the schools in 
Los Angeles, to mutually support each other, is 
being rapidly consummated. For a few years, 
while these readjustments were in progress, the 
institution had only small available resources, 
and the work suffered in consequence. But 
within the last three years, since the adjustments 
were completed, strong efforts, with marked suc- 
cess, have been made to build up the school. Al- 
most entirely new equipment has been put in, es- 
pecially in science lines, until now the extensive 
laboratories compare favorably with those of 
much more pretentious institutions,and its science 



LOS ANGELES J THEN AND NOW 



47 




48 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

work, under expert professors, is accepted in the 
best institutions of the land; cuts of some of these 
equipments are embodied in this sketch. 

It now has the following departments in ac- 
tive operation, with a faculty of more than PO 
professors, all told: Colleges of Liberal Arts, 
Theology, Medicine, Dentistry and Music, to- 
gether with schools of Art and Elocution, and a 
preparatory school. There were in all depart- 
ments last year, over 500 students, and the grade 
of work done is very high. The faculty has been 
very carefully selected. Every professor has had 
special collegiate and graduate training for his 
particular line in the best institutions of this 
country. Some have also had the advantage of 
studying in the Universities abroad. It is the 
aim of the institution to give strictly first-class 
work on as low a tuition rate as is possible. Its 
courses are modern and broad, giving a wide 
range of electives, including a strong course in 
Pedagogy. While it is a church school, and in- 
sists on earnest moral influences, it does not per- 
mit narrow bigotry and sectarianism. Its faculty 
is made up from all the leading religious denom- 
inations, and it gives to the children of all evan- 
gelical ministers, as well as to all candidates for 
the ministry and missionary work of all such 
churches, half rates of tuition, just the same as 
to those of the Methodist faith. Geo. W. White, 
D. D., is President. 

Besides these schools of Collegiate and Uni- 
versity grade, there are quite a number of private 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



49 




MILD M. POTTER 



LOS ANGEXES : THEN AND NOW 5 1 

schools giving preparatory work. There are also 
two flourishing business colleges beside several 
private schools of Art, Music and Elocution. In 
addition, the largest State Normal School of the 
State is located in Los Angeles. Edwin T. Pierce 
is principal. Thus it may be seen that coupled 
with its exceptionally fine climate, Los Angeles 
has educational advantages of a high order to 
offer. 



f 

7 



THE NEW PALESTINE^ 
.ROM one of the numerous valuable, 
readable and interesting pamphlets 
♦ ♦F issued by the Chamber of Commerce, 
we clip the following: 

" Southern California is frequently likened to 
Italy, but Palestine furnishes a more appropriate 
comparison. Like Palestine, Southern Califor- 
nia is a long, narrow strip of land, bounded on 
the west by a summer sea, and on the east by 
mountains, snow clad during a portion of the 
year; like Palestine, Sou 1 hern California has a 
dry, equitable climate; like Palestine, Southern 
California is a land of the olive and the vine, a 
land where every man "may sit under his own 
fig tree"; a land "flowing with milk and honey." 
Unlike Palestine, however, Southern California 
is not a melancholy reminder of its former great- 
ness, but a center of active, aggressive American 
enterprise; a region in which the best thought 
and energy of the American people are finding 
their crowning development, under the most 
genial clime in which the Anglo-Saxon race ever 
wooed the favors of Mother Earth. 

"The seven southern counties of Southern 



tOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



53 




54 I*OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

California, namely, Los Angeles, Orange, San 
Bernardino, Riverside, San Diego, Ventura and 
Santa Barbara, with a shore line of 275 miles, 
embrace an area of nearly 45,000 square miles, 
or 30 per cent of the area of the State. This is 
an area as large as Pennsylvania, and a little 
smaller than England. The population, in 1880 
was 64,371, or 7-J per cent of the population of 
the State. In 1890 it was 201,352, or 16| of the 
population of the State. Today it is over 300,- 
000, or more than 20 per cent of the population 
of the State. 

"Notwithstanding this remarkably rapid 
growth, it will be many years before Southern 
California is overcrowded Greece, with a little 
over half the area, has twelve times the popula- 
tion of Southern California; Switzerland, with 
one-third the area, has sixteen times the popula- 
tion, and Portugal, with three-fourths the area, 
has twenty-five times the population. These, 
also, are mountainous countries, and largely de- 
pendent upon hroticulture and agriculture for 
support." 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS^ 

Los Angeles is graced with as fine a court 
house and jail, on a beautiful elevation, as can 
be found anywhere, and the city hall on Broad- 
way, the city jail on West First street, are model 
structures. The grand public library is an honor- 
able monument to the intellectual greatness of 
her people. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



55 




H. W. CHASE 



tOS ANGELKS : THBN AND NOW 57 

PARKS^ 

Ten parks afford animating delightful out- 
door resorts for all classes; and where three hun- 
dred and fifty days in the year are adorned with 
the genial rays of the sun and atmospheric con- 
ditions beckon to its pleasurable influences, these 
parks are scenes of multitudes of inspired folk. 
When Elysian park, with its hundreds of acres 
of hills and vales shall have been turned into one 
vast arboretum, where the flora peculiar to Cali- 
fornia—her magnificent trees, and almost end- 
less variety of plants and flowers — shall attract 
botanists from all parts of America, then shall 
Los Angeles more than ever realize the unnum- 
bered blessings set about and in the midst of her. 
And when the munificent gift of 3,000 acres to 
the city by Mr. Griffith J. Griffith shall take on 
boulevards, lawns, flowers, lakes, and the fauna 
needful for its perfect adornment, then shall Los 
Angeles lead the cities of the earth in her unex- 
celled out-door attractions. 

POWER AND LIGHTINGS 

The grand and stately mountains, rising 
above the clouds at the back-ground of our 
cities and unsurpassed rural districts, do not 
simply render service in modifying air-currents 
and collecting and sending down the blessings of 
waters, bui their elevations are being utilized for 
power, light and heating purposes. The waters 
of the San Gabriel and Santa Ana rivers are be- 
ing harnessed to dynamos which will send forth 



5& IvOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

many thousand horse-power for power, lighting 
and heating purposes in Los Angeles and other 
cities. The erection of a building in this city 
with the necessary power and lighting facilities 
to assist men of small capital to manufacture, 
would be met with hearty response. This power 
conveyed to small rooms where the busy artisan 
can make something more than tracks, will add 
very materially to the expansion of trade and 
manufacturing. For other useful and remuner- 
ative fields for manufacturing investments, the 
reader is referred to the views of leading business 
men of the city. 

PACKING HOUSES. 

As a source of trade, there are not only estab- 
lishments in which oranges by the trainload, and 
lemons, dried fruits, nuts and cereals are collected 
and forwarded to inviting homes and foreign 
markets, but the Cudahy packing house has given 
a gratifying impetus to hog raising in the corn 
and alfalfa regions, where swine can be fed on 
green food every month in the year, and the gen- 
eral weather conditions enables them to mature 
much quicker than in rigorous and changeable 
climates. 

RECREATION. 

There are few places on this "mundane sphere 
that excel California in natural attractions and 
diversity of fascinations. The near-by mountains 
awe one with their stateliness; and the numerous 
peaks and canons and nooks and waterfalls, per- 



LOS ANGKLKS : THKN AND NOW 



59 




60 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

fectly ozoned, inspire with their wild flowers, 
ferns, and multitudinous charms. To camp 
amidst these is to enjoy all that is possible in a 
partnership with unsullied nature. 

Seaward, the briny deep no less generously 
bestows its captivating recreations. Here tired 
nature seeks her ease and lavatory longings, and 
is admiringly gratified. Here the angler can 
pursue his profession to the delight of his aspir- 
ations, and the satisfaction of his keenest appe- 
tite ; for the mighty Pacific is replete with the 
finest piscatorial creatures. 

Or if the heart longs for the beautiful as well 
as the useful in flowers, plants and cereals, let it 
turn into the rural regions all around this queen 
of the angels and it will be ravished with the 
seemingly endless variety of roses, crysanthe- 
mums, verbenas, pinks, pansies, petunias, pop- 
pvs, asters, asperneas, allyssum, zinneas, sweet 
peas, snap dragons, violets, lupins, larkspurs, 
nasturtiums, mignonettes, petunias, carnations, 
etc., palms, firs, pines, rubber trees, magnolias, 
peppers, camphors, cedars, centurys, giant cacti, 
and many other interesting shrubs; great stretches 
of wheat and barley, sugar beets and canaigre, — 
in short, in his perambulations the tourist, the 
investor or recreator can find all that is needful 
to enrapture and heighten the veriest dormant 
condition of his being. He needs no more. 

And no less charming to the eye of culture 
are the vast stretches of vineyards, orange, lemon 
and deciduous orchards, whose perfect fruits 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 6l 




A. JAL'OBY 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 63 

peep out from under and about the dark green 
foliage with a glow of grandeur and magnifi- 
cence that silences pen and tongue in the effort 
to correctly portray. The artistic eye simply 
moves the tongue to exclaim, "Oh, wonderful !" 
and then drops into utter silence, realizing the 
paucity of language to express the varying, per- 
fect colors in bloom, in leaf, in limb, in fruit ma- 
ture and maturing. There is but one Southern 
California, and there could by no possibility be 
more than one, for there is this only nook on 
this great big round globe with sea and moun- 
tain, and soil, and water influences so admirably 
combined. One is enough ! If you are not in 
this one, come into it now ! 

BANKING. 

Mr. R. J. Waters, Vice-President of the cit- 
izens' Bank, and Director of the Columbia Sav- 
ings Bank, when asked to give his opinion as to 
the financial condition of Southern California, 
stated that the outlook for this section was very 
encouraging. 

Mr. Waters says "that in the varying for- 
tunes of the people of California, there has been 
no one thing that has contributed more towards 
the prosperity and growth of the State, than the 
confidence inspired by the conduct of its banks. 
Especially is this the case in the Southern part 
of the State, where the main industries for the 
ten years last past have been almost entirely ex- 
perimental. 



64 tOS ANGKIvES : "TSPE5N - AND NOW 

"The solidity of its banking institutions has 
been to Southern California the ground-work and 
foundation for the faith which has buoyed up 
the toiling orchardist and farmer, and inspired 
to renewed effort the struggling merchant and 
manufacturer. 

" There is no general rule but that has its 
exceptions, and consequently it is not to be ex- 
pected that the banker of Southern California, 
as elsewhere, is exempt from the vicisitudes of 
all business transactions ; but in no location or 
State has there been less of actual mismanage- 
ment than here. 

" It cannot be denied that amongst these ex- 
ceptions there are cases of comparatively recent 
date, where the operations of so-called banking 
institutions have been of such a character as to 
merit the condemnation of all right-minded men 
engaged in promoting financial institutions, as 
well as the public at large. But these exceptions 
are comparatively few, and tend stronger to 
prove the rule and establish beyond question the 
high standing and sound conduct of the great 
majority of our financial houses, both State and 
National. 

"It is not the province of an article of this 
length to furnish statistical information for pub- 
lic use, but as evidence of the growth of the bank- 
ing business in California, it will perhaps be well 
to refer to Bank Commissioners' Report of Sep- 
tember 1st, 1890, and September 1st, 1895, as 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



65 



t I 3 







IP r< "V* 



- a?- 



* — 



•> 



> 

a 

C 



66 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

showing the healthy growth of financial institu- 
tions during this period. 

" In the report of the Staje Banks to the 
Commissioners, of September 1st, 1890, the as- 
sets and liabilities were shown-to be $113,015,- 
945.33, and in the report dated September 1st, 
1895, the assets and liabilities were reported as 
$135,160,130.28, an increase of over $22,000,000. 

"By comparison in report it will be seen that 
the Southern part of the State has kept pace 
with the Northern section. 

"The report of the Savings Banks for 1890, 
shows assets and liabilities of $103,071,296.75; 
for 1895, $148,517,147.36, an increase of over 
$45,000,000. The same comparison as of Com- 
mercial banks will attest the healthy growth of 
Southern California Banks. 

" Some portion of the increase above set forth 
may be due to the changing of private to State 
banks, but there is sufficient growth to denote a 
healthy condition of our finances, and to indi- 
cate that the conservatism of oar bankers has 
not proved prejudicial to the banking business in 
this section. 

" In the early days of State formation in the 
Western part of our Union, the history of bank- 
ing was not such as to inspire confidence in the 
community, and the many failures of finan- 
cial institutions at that time, created confusion 
and entailed great hardships, which in most 
cases continued for many years. 

" Happily for us, no such condition confront- 



LOS A NGELES : THEN AND NOW 



67 



ft * 




68 los Angeles : then and now 

ed us here to any marked degree, and we hav^ 
been comparatively free from the ill effects aris- 
ing therefrom. 

"I think we are to be congratulated upon our 
good fortune in the possession of men of ability 
and integrity to conduct our financial institu- 
tions." 

The above is certainly a credit to the city, 
and will doubtless be read with interest by every 
reader of " Los Angeles Then and Now." 

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. 

THE MEDICAL FRATERNITY OF LOS ANGELES, IN COM- 
PARISON WITH THAT OF OTHER CITIES OF THE 
SAME SIZE. BY D. W. EDLEMAN, A. B., M. D. 

The Medical Fraternity of Los Angeles, in- 
cluding all who practice medicine here — of all 
schools or of no schools — will reach in number 
beyond four hundred. This means an average 
of one practitioner to each two hundred and 
fifty of the population ; a proportion so large 
as to be unsurpassed, no doubt, in that respect 
by any city of equal size anywhere. 

This is attributable to the fact that our mild 
climate calls from the severe summers and severer 
winters of the East many physicians as health 
seekers; and among these there are always some 
who are enticed by our sunshine to remain. 
The result is readily conceived : A medical fra- 
ternity replete with men whose ability and stand- 
ing range from that designated "best in the 



LOS ANGELES ; THEN AND NOW 



OW 





70 I/)S ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

United States," to the very lowest of the worst 
quack-ridden city. 

Though far from what are popularly under- 
stood to be the seats of scientific learning, Los 
Angeles with, and to a certain extent because of, 
its metropolitan population can claim, with jus- 
tice, to have among its medical men surgeons as 
bold, and withal as skillful; physicians as well 
read, and as thoroughly able as any city of simi- 
lar size in the world. They are drawn to Los 
Angeles from all countries, and were the better 
class alone to come, the medical profession here 
would be unsurpassed. But with the best have 
come also the worst ; and as the city is peopled 
by many health seekers, the quacks, irregulars 
and incapables fatten on the unfortunate. 

To sum up : Los Angeles has physicians 
and surgeons galore, — good as well as bad ; but 
on the whole, and taking many things into con 
sideration which should be considered, the fra- 
ternity is a credit to the city and to this section 
of the United States. 

GREAT POSSIBILITIES. 

Griffith J. Griffith, a retired capitalist, says : 
"There can be no doubt that Los Angeles, 
with her many advantages of location and con- 
nection with the outside world, together with an 
inevitable improvement and enlargement of the 
latter factor in the near futute, offers opportu- 
nity for, and invites a wide diversity of manu- 



W>S ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



71 




STOWELL BLOCK 



72 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

factures, and controls an extensive field for the 
marketing of their products. 

Trade is not created, but rather is evolved by 
the expansion of consuming ramifications, oth- 
wise, the enlargment of purchasing territory, 
therefore manufactures, in a comparatively new- 
country like the southwest, cannot be launched 
into exis'ence on a large scale at once, but in- 
stead must have small beginnings and grow with 
the development and extension of the marketing 
area. Under such conditions there are certain 
indispensible factors necessary for the success of 
a manufacturing center, foremost of them being 
accessibility to raw materials, convenient and 
cheap means of transportation, plentiful supply 
of fuel at small cost, and the possibility of devel 
oping an extensive consuming market. These 
atributes are possessed by Los Angeles to a re- 
markable degree, with an infallible assurance of 
great improvement and rapid growth in all with- 
in a short time. 

Her location in the center of the greatest hor- 
ticultural section of the world, a section which 
also produces abundantly all cereals and farm 
products, places her in a position now for the 
economical and profitable manufacture of all ar- 
ticles of commerce having such products for a 
base, while the completion of a road to Utah, 
which cannot be much longer delayed, will bring 
her into easy connection with the great iron 
fields of that state, thereby permitting her to en- 
gage advantageously in the manufacture of the 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



73 




74 LOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

great number of articles having that staple for a 
base, and also making her the best point for the 
location of works for reducing the precious 
metals. The petroleum fields of Southern Cali- 
fornia, which must now be conceded to be prac- 
tically inexhaustible, have solved the question of 
cheap fuel, and the opening of the Utah coal 
fields will improve even the present excellent 
conditions of affairs in this particular, by plac- 
ing the very best coal in our market at small 
cost, for employment in lines where the use of 
oil is impracticable. In the matter of trans- 
portation she is already the best equipped city 
on the coast, having two transcontinental lines 
and being connected by rail with three shipping 
points on the Pacific, all within twenty-five 
miles of her business center. The construction 
of a road to Salt Lake City, already referred to 
will soon add a third transcontinental line and 
the new harbor at San Pedro, which will prob- 
ably be in use by the end of the century, will 
give to this city as good a harb >r as any on the 
Pacific Coast. This will naturally bring into ex- 
istence lines of water transportation connecting 
with the Latin republics on the south and with 
trans- Pacific ports, and taken with the great ter- 
ritory on the east which the railroads will make 
tributary to this city, will gradually develop a 
great field for commercial activity. 

" The present magnitude of our manufactur- 
ing industry is not appreciated by the casual ob- 
server for the reason that most of the enterprises 



I.OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



75 




LOS ANGELES THE AT KB 



76 I v OS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

are still on a small scale, comparatively, and the 
last few years of business depression have caused 
a contraction of operations which have obscured, 
to some degree, our present resources, but the 
widening of the field of consumption will soon 
infuse new life into all of these and the showing 
that we can make then, with what we have now, 
will be decidedly noticable. There are many lines 
as yet untouched here and while it is unneces- 
sary to enumerate any great number of them, 
mention of a few of the more important may not 
be amiss. 

"One leading commodity for which Los An- 
geles is well equipped for producing, is glass. 
The very best sand for this purpose is obtainable 
in unlimited quantities and sulphur is to be had 
at very low prices. These, w T ith our cheap fuel 
and unsurpassed transportation facilities, should 
give us a glass factory very soon. Iron manu- 
factures of all kinds, from the least to the great- 
est, should be produced here, and our extensive 
sheep ranges should enable us to engage profit- 
ably in the manufacture of woolen fabrics of all 
sorts and grades. Full} 7 as important as any of 
these will be the extensive line of prepared edi- 
bles which our abundance of raw materials will 
enable us to produce, and when the expansion of 
our market has developed consumption sufficient 
to call these and many others not named into 
active operation Los Angeles wiM indeed be what 
she should — a large manufacturing center. 

" Another element which adds greatly in an 



LOS anget.es : THEN and now 



77 




A \V. BAILEY 



78 I<OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

indirect way to our advantages for manufactur- 
ing, is our unparalleled climate and this should 
not be overlooked, for here the artisans in all 
lines, being freed from the necessity of providing 
house?, clothing and food capable of withstand- 
ing the rigors of severe winters are enabled to de- 
vote that proportion of their earnings which are 
required in the east for such purposes, to the ac- 
quirement of a' home and other property interests 
and the better education of their families, there- 
by adding materially to the wealth, intelligence 
and prosperity of the whole community." 

On account of health and rush of business we 
were unable to get an interview with the Presi- 
dent of the Chamber of Commerce on manu 
facturing, but we doubt not but what he would 
endorse the following, clipped from one of their 
pamphlets: 

" The openings for manufacturing purposes 
in Los Angeles are many and varied. Not only 
do local manufacturers enjoy the advantage of 
cheap fuel, but they are also protected by the 
high rates of transportation on manufactured 
goods from the East. Then, again, the mild 
climate of this section facilitates manufacturing 
enterprises, rendering solid and expensive build- 
ings unnecessary. 

" Among the openings for manufacturing in 
Los Angeles are fruit and vegetable drying and 
canning establishments and preserving works, 
jelly and jam factories, a mustard mill to work 
up the local product, a castor oil mill, a factory 



ivOS angei/es : Then and now 79 




DR. A. C. MOORE 



So LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

to manufacture perfumes from flowers, a first- 
class oil refinery, a tannery, to work up the large 
quantities of raw hides that are now shipped 
East, and a shoe factory. One of the most 
needed manufacturing enterprises in Los Ange- 
les is a glass factory. At present all the glass is 
imported from the East, although there are de- 
posits of good glass sand in this neighborhood. 
The fruit industry alone could utilize the entire 
output of a factory, if the manufactured articles 
could be obtained at a moderate price. There is 
an excellent opening here for mineral reduction 
works. A smelter was commenced several years 
ago in this city, but it was never completed. 
There has been a great development of the min- 
eral fields of Southern California during the 
past year. At present the nearest smelters are 
at San Francisco, Kansas City and Denver. 
Petroleum has been successfully used in the 
smelting of ore. 

" A complete tannery should be a success 
from the start. Large quantities of raw hides 
are at present shipped East and re-imported as 
shoes, saddles and harness. We should prepare 
here calf skins; also sole and harness leather. A 
harness and saddle factory and a shoe factory 
would soon follow such a tannery. At present 
these articles are made only on a very limited 
scale. 

" One of the promising openings for manu- 
facturing enterprises in Los Angeles is the re- 
fining of crude petroleum, which is now only 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



8 1 




/ 



y 



S 



82 i,os angei.es : then and now 

done on a limited scale, in a small factory." 
Mr. Abraham Jacoby, ex-President of the Los 
Angeles Board of Trade and a Director of the 
Chamber of Commerce, expressed himself as 
follows: 

" Los Angeles, the second city in the State of 
California, has many natural advantages for es- 
tablishing manufactories, and promoting indus- 
trial enterprises, chief among which are fuel, its 
situation as a railroad center, its climate, and 
its transportation facilities other than railroads, 
through near by sea ports. The greatest factor 
is undoubtedly fuel, although transportation is 
as important, and in these two points Los Ange- 
les is well supplied. The residents of Los Ange- 
les are a permanent population, the floating 
throng now constituting a small item by the side 
of its permanent population of over one hundred 
thousand, who are now standing up to give pref- 
erence to home industries and products. The 
time is now at hand when our raw material, such 
as wool, hides, etc., can be utilized right here, and 
there is a splendid opening for woolen mills, manu- 
factories connected with themakingof articles from 
woolen goods, and tanneries, as well as shoe fac- 
tories and factories for the manufacture of leather 
and harness sundries. Numerous enterprises of 
this nature would give a stimulation to trade and 
draw to us from other sections of the country a 
desirable class of citizens, who would come to stay 
with us, to the extent of many thousand. It 
would increase our population to such an extent 



i,os angeles : then and now 



83 



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84 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

and give our city such an impetus that it would 
soon become a great commercial center, with a 
host of valuable and flourishing industries. With 
the raw material at our doors, and the possibili- 
ties before us, we should bend every effort to 
bring them to a successful combination." The 

above from Mr. J is as full of good hard sense 

as the proverbial nut is full of meat. 



THE CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT 



C 



HIEF WALTER S. MOORE has been 
connected with the fire department of 
this city since the year 1875, being at 
that time an active member of Confidence Engine 
Co. No 2. He afterwards held the office of Sec- 
retary for two terms, and subsequently filled the 
Presidency for five consecutive years. 

In 1883, he was elected Chief Engineer of the 
Volunteer Fire Department. At the time the 
paid department came into existence in 1886, Mr. 
Moore, as Secretary of the first Board of Fire 
Commissioners, and Chief Engineer of the depart- 
ment, arranged and carried into successful oper- 
ation the work of the new department. 

In 1887, he resigned the Chiefship, to which 
he was again elected in 1881, resigning Feb. 1, 
1893. He is now filling that office for the third 
time, being re-elected on Feb. 1, 1895, and re- 
elected 1897. Besides his position as Fire Chief, 
he is at present President of the Pacific Coast As- 
sociation of Fire Chiefs, and one of the Vice-Pres- 
idents of the International Association of Fire 
Engineers. 

VOLUNTEER FIRE LADDIES. 

The fire extinguishing in the early fifties and 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 87 




MR. W. C. PATTERSON 



b» EOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

sixties was done by the Volunteer Fire Brigade 
ably assisted by the 'peons," and numerous wa- 
ter buckets. It was not until September, 1871, 
that any organization was effected. At that time 
Los Angeles Engine Co. No. 1 was organized by 
Geo. M. Fall, then County Clerk, and who was 
elected Fo-eman. The membership consisted of 
all the prominent storekeepers and property own- 
ers in the town. The apparatus consisted of an 
Amoskeag engine (now used by Engine Co. No. 
1 in East Los Angeles) and a hose " jumper," 
(now used in the street department for carrying 
hose to flush sewers.) The apparatus was drawn 
by hand until the spring of '74 when the com- 
pany became dissatisfied and asked the City 
Council to purchase horses for the engine, and on 
their refusal the company disbanded. 

In April, 1874, many of the old members of 
No. 1, with the addition of others to the number 
of thirty-eight, reorganized the company under 
the name of " Thirty eights," No. 1, with the fol- 
lowing officers: Foreman, Chas. E. Miles; First 
Assistant, John Cashin; Secretary. Sidney Lacy; 
Treasurer, J. Kuhrts. 

Foreman Miles was succeeded by J. Kuhrts; 
W. F. McDonald, Sam Fay, Henry Decker and 
Henry Schuner in the order named. 

In May, 1875, Engine Co. No. 2 was organi- 
zed under the name of "Confidence Engine Co." 
with Geo. Furman, Foreman; Geo. E. Gard, First 
Assistant; Joe Manning, Second Assistant; John 
R. Brily, PresidentJandBriceMcLillan, Secretary. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 89 







G. J. GRIFFITH 



90 LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 

In '76 Gard succeeded Forman as Foreman, 
and Walter S. Moore was elected Secretary, vice 
B. McLillan deceased. The following Foremen 
were elected and served in the order named: Joe 
Manning, Robert Eckert for several terms, Wm. 
E. Stormer and Dan Moriarty. Walter S. 
Moore was elected President of the company in 
'77, and occupied that office until 1884, when he 
was elected Chief Engineer of the Volunteer De- 
partment. 

The first hook and ladder was built in 1875 
by Roeder & Lichtenberg, a local concern, and 
was housed with the Thirty-eights on Spring, 
near Franklin street, where the Peopled store 
stands. It was cumbersome, heavy and ill 
adapted to the wants of the city, and was after- 
wards sold to the town of Wilmington. 

In 1876, the city purchased from a San Fran- 
cisco firm a " village hook and ladder truck" 
which served the purpose until 1871, when the 
present 65 feet and extension ladder truck was 
purchased from the patentee, D. D. Hayes of 
San Francisco. This truck has recently been re- 
modeled and rebuilt and is located on North 
Main street near the Plaza. The "truck" origi- 
nally was housed on Los Angeles, near Aliso 
street, and subsequently moved to Aliso street, 
below Alameda. This company was known as 
Vigilance H. &. L. Co. No. 1. 

In '81 the residents in the vicinity of the 
Sixth Street Park organized a hose company un- 
der the name of Park Hose Co. No. 1. It was 



I.OS ANGEI/ES : THEN AND NOW 



91 




92 IyOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

furnished with the 4 wheel hose carriage of En- 
gine Co. No 2, drawn by a pair of horses and 
located on South Spring street, below Fifth street. 

In the spring of '83 the people of East Los 
Angeles organized a hose company — was supplied 
with a "jumper" drawn by hand and located on 
Truman street, near Downey avenue. This com- 
pany was called East Los Angeles Hose Co. 
No. 2. 

In the fall of '83 the last but not the least of 
the volunteers was organized in the Morris Vine- 
yard, that property lying between Pico and Wash- 
ington streets, and Main and Flower streets. A 
house was built and hose cart provided for the 
company, which was christened Morris Vineyard 
Hose Co. No. 3. 

In 1882, the S. P. R. R. employees in the vi- 
cinity of the River Station — then the San Fer- 
nando Street Depot, organized a very efficient 
hose company, known as the Southern Pacific 
No. 1. Although not a member of the depart- 
ment, it worked in harmony and did much val- 
uable service in the vicinity of the depot. 

All of these companies remain- d in service 
until February 1, 1886, when the present paid fire 
department went into existence. 

The Volunteer Fire Department was organi- 
zed June 20, 1876, by the selection of the follow- 
ing officers: 

Charles E. Miles, Chief Engineer; George E. 
Gard, Assistant Chief. All selections in the Vol- 
unteer Department were by elections — the mem 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



93 




LANKEHSIUM BUILDING 



94 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

bers in good standing in the respective companies 
voting by ballot for their choice, the ones receiv- 
ing the highest number of votes being declared 
elected by the Board of Delegates and served for 
one year. These elections were very spirited and 
often much bitter feeling was evidenced. They 
were succeeded by J. Kuhrts as Chief Engineer, 
and Fred Kohler of No. 2 as Assistant Chief in 
March, 1880. These officers served until April, 
1883, when Walter S. Moore was elected Chief 
Engineer, and re-elected in 1784, who was suc- 
ceeded by Frank R. Day, who served as Assist- 
ant Chief under Chief Moore. 

Mr. Day resigned his position in October, '85, 
and the department was demoralized and without 
executive head until February 1, 1886, when the 
paid department came into existence. 

For much of the foregoing date we are in- 
debted to Fire Commissioner J. Kuhrts. 



A charitable and benevolent organization was 
formed in 1881, and composed of members of the 
volunteer companies who served actively for five 
or more consecutive years, and is now in exist- 
ence with the following officers: President, J. 
Kuhrts; Secretary, Walter S. Moore; Treasurer, 
Geo. P. McLain. 

PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

The paid fire department was created by the City 
Council in January, 1886, by the selection of a 
Board of Fire Commissioners, consisting of Mayor 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 93 




MR. W. O, DOW 



96 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

E. F. Spence, President of the Council; H. Sinsa- 
baugh and J. Kuhrts, members of the Council, 
and the ex-Chief of the Volunteer Department, 
and President of the Exempt Firemen's Associa- 
tion. 

The Board organized by electing Mr. Spence 
as Chairman, and Walter S. Moore, Secretary. 
After the preliminaries were arranged, the Board 
elected Mr. Moore, Chief Engineer of the depart- 
ment, and D. A. Moriarty, Assistant Chief, and 
to them is ihe honor of successfully organizing 
the present excellent department. The volunteer 
organization at that time consisted of 380 mem- 
bers, and the following apparatus: Engine No. 
1, situated at the Plaza; Confidence Engine No. 
2; at Second and Main streets; Vigilance Hook 
and Ladder Company No. 2, Aliso street, below 
Alameda; and the Park Hose Company No. 1, 
Fifth and Spring streets. 

In 1887 the Board consisted of Mayor W. H. 
Workman, L. N. Breed, President of the Council, 
and J. Kuhrts. In October of that year Chief 
Moore resigned, and the Council elected Thomas 
Strohm, who held the office of Chief for the sub- 
sequent three months. The new Council, recog- 
nizing the ability and services of D. A. Moriarty, 
the Assistant Engineer, since its birth, elected 
him Chief Engineer, to succeed Thomas Strohm, 
and Chas. E. Miles, Assistant Chief, and the fol- 
lowing Commissioners: Mayor Workman, Chair- 
man; John M. Humphries of the Council, and 
M. Teed, Esq., who held office until succeeded in 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



97 




MAYOR SNYDKR 

Permission of " Greater Los Angeles. 



98 tOS ANGRI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

December, 1888, by Mayor John Bryson, Chair- 
man, J. Kuhrts, President of the Council, and 
James Hanly, member of the Council. 

In March, 1889, the Council elected, under the 
new charter, the following citizens Fire jCom- 
missioners: J. Kuhrts, Frank Marsh, Tom Keefe 
and John Lovell, who, with Mayor Hazard elected 
ex-Chief Thomas Strohm Chief Engineer and 
Chas. E. Miles, Assistant Chief. 

In December, 1889, Walter S. Moore was 
elected by the Council to succeed D. E. Miles, who 
succeeded Frank Marsh, resigned. In 1890, Chas. 
E. Miles resigned as Assistant Chief, and Henry 
Decker was elected as his successor. 

The Council of 1891 elected a Board of Fire 
Commissioners, consisting of Messrs. W. J. Brod- 
rick, E. L. Stern, C. A. Stilson and J. Kuhrts, 
Mayor Hazard, ex officio Chairman, and W. W. 
Robinson, Clerk. The Board selected ex-Chief 
Walter S. Moore as Chief Engineer, and ex-Chief 
D. A. Moriarty as Assistant Engineer. The de- 
partment in February, 1886, consisted of two 
steam fire engines, one hook and ladder truck, 
and one hose carriage drawn by horses. In March, 
1889, two additional fire engines were purchased 
and put into service; one at Ninth street and the 
other at Sixteenth street, thus doubling the num- 
ber of the engines. 

After the disastrous fire of the Los Angeles 
Furniture Company, in January, 1889, ex-Chief 
Moore was selected by the city authorities and 
the Pacific Coast Board of Underwriters, to exam- 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



99 





CAPT. J B. LaNKERSHIM 



IOO EOS ANGEEES : THEN AND NOW 

ine into the fire department, and report such im- 
provements and additions thereto, as would put 
it into a first-class condition. The report was 
adopted, and the much needed improvements 
made, by the purchase of three steam fire engines, 
and three hose carts. They were put into 
service, one each in Boyle Heights, East Los An- 
geles and the western hills on Temple street. 

In 1892 the efficiency of service was further in- 
creased by the addition of steam heaters, and re- 
leasing apparatus to the fire engines, the attach- 
ment of the water tower to the ladder truck, and 
the purchase of two Champion chemical engines, 
drawn by horses, and many other minor improve- 
ments. All apparatus is drawn by horses, with 
swinging harness, and all firemen are fully uni- 
formed while on duty. 

In 1895 three Champion combination chemi- 
cal engines and hose wagons were purchased and 
companies organized to handle the apparatus, 
consisting of full paid crews of three men and lo- 
cated as follows: 

Chemical Co. No. 3 in East Los Angeles on 
Griffen avenue, below Downey avenue. Chemi- 
cal Co. No. 4, on West Pico street, near Star 
street. Chemical Co. No. 5, on South Central 
avenue, below Twelfth street. 

In the later part of 1896, Engine Co. No. 3 
was consolidated with Park Hose Co. No. 1, and 
the apparatus was located in the elegant new 
quarters erected by E. Ruthmiller on Hill street, 
near Fourth street. This hcuse is probably the 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW IOI 




W. S. MOORE 



102 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

most thoroughly equipped house on the Pacific 
Coast, and the equal to any in the largest depart- 
ments in the United States, and is manned by a 
permanent crew of 16 men. 

In the early part of 1897, a first-class Bahcock 
aerial ladder and truck was purchased in Chicago 
and placed with the above company. The ladder 
has a height of 85 feet from the ground to its top 
and is the mostcomplete piece of aerial apparatus 
built. 

In October, 1897, Chemical Co. No. 1, located 
at the Plaza, was consolidated with Hook and 
Ladder Co. No 1, and Truck "A," and the com 
pany is known as " J. Kuhrts" Engine Co. No. 
No. 3, the old engine house being remodeled and 
modernized, and the company provided with all 
necessary appliances and a permanent crew of 
15 men. 

The Los Angeles Fire Department is up to 
date and will compare favorably with any de- 
partment in cities of its size throughout the world, 
and is so recognized by the National Board of 
Underwriters. 

Walter S. Moore, Chief Engineer of the Los 
Angeles Fire Department, was born of old Revo- 
lutionary stock, in the District of Kensington, 
city of Philadelphia, in 1851, and was educated in 
the public schopls of that city. During the lat- 
ter part of the civil war, he was an attendant of 
the Northwest Grammar School, and afterwards 
a runner with Philadelphia Fire Co. No. 10. 

The present efficient Board of Fire Commis- 



I«OS ANGELES ; THEN AND NOW 



103 




to4 LOS AN^RLES : THEN AND NOW 

sioners consists of Mayor M. P. Snyder, ex-Officio 
Chairman; Hon. J. Kuhrts, Hon. C. M. Wells, 
Hon. Geo. Sinsabaugh, Hon. Frank Sabichi, Robt. 
A. Todd, Secretary. 

For much of the foregoing statistics we are in- 
debted to the courtesy of the efficient and intelli- 
gent Chief Engineer of the Fire Department, Wal- 
ter S. Moore. 

Y. M. C A. 

BY WILLARD D. BALL. 

The building of the Y. M. C. A. is a familiar 
sight to passers on Broadway, who often stop to 
admire its ornamental front. Comparatively few 
even, of those who speak with pride of the Young 
Men's Christian Association know the great va- 
riety of its activities as carried on within its 
walls, nor realize that it is but little over fifty 
years since the first association under that name 
was organized in London. Its founder was Sir 
George Williams, then an obscure dry goods clerk 
and fifty years later as head of the same firm, 
knighted for his services to mankind in founding 
this organization. The Los Angeles Association 
was organized in 1882, and is one of 6,500 similar 
institutions scattered throughout the world. Dur- 
ing the fifteen years of its exis'.ence, it has shared 
in the vicissitudes of the city, but with a gradual 
broadening out in the lines of its work and a 
strengthening of its hold upon the community. 

Educational, physical, social and religious de- 
partments are maintained. The evening educa- 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



J05 




BULDARD BLOCK 

Permission of the " Hub 



106 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

tional classes number over three hundred pupils 
each year in nearly thirty different subjects, con- 
sisting of business branches, languages, music and 
industrial studies. The students are young men 
who, for the most part, are busy during the day 
at their various vocations and utilize their spare 
moments for something better than mere amuse- 
ments. 

Another line of work is scientific " body build- 
ing," carried on in a well equipped gymnasium. 
Here a competent physical director examines, takes 
measurements and prescribes exercise for any 
who desire either to win health or retain it. The 
baths are a valuable adjunct to this department. 
Pleasant social and game rooms on the third floor 
never lack for occupants. 

The building has a beautiful auditorium, seat- 
ing about six hundred, in which are held concerts 
and lectures on each Sunday afternoon, a gospel 
meeting for young men. An important depart- 
ment of the work is conducted by the employment 
secretary who devotes his time to looking up 
places for young men and placing young men 
who can bring first-class references. From twen- 
ty-five to thirty-five young men have been placed 
in either temporary or permanent positions each 
month for the last few months. 

The privileges of the association are open to 
all young men of good character irrespective of 
religious belief and upon payment of dues which 
are but nominal in comparison with the oppor- 
tunities offered. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



I07 




f iipi HIM JtHi hi mmTt 




BICKNELL B1XKK 



WHAT THIS CITY AND COUNTRY 
NEEDS 

BY MR. W. C. PATTERSON. 

" The primary need of Los Angeles city is, I 
should say, more manufactories, which would give 
employment and afford means of sustenance to 
large numbers of the poorer classes of people. I 
am aware that many of the conditions are not the 
most favorable as yet to heavy manufacturing, 
but with the early advent of the Salt Lake Rail- 
way which will give us cheap coal and iron, Los 
Angeles should become a great manufacturing 
city. 

" Southern California in general, needs more 
people of the right kind. It needs people with 
money, with energy, with enterprise and with in- 
dustry. There are opportunities for the safe and 
reasonably profitable investment of capital. 
These opportunities will not always come to him 
who sits down with folded arms ' waiting for 
something to turn up.' 

" The new settler, whether capitalist or not, 
should be active and alert. The soil is here, the 
climate is here, the conditions are here, waiting 
and ready to be utilized. 

" We need, too, a class of citizens who are in- 
dustrious and thrifty, and who are willing to put 
their own hands to the plow. The increase of 
production and competition, no longer permit 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 109 




GENERAL C. F. A. LAST 



IIO LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

such profits that the producer can hire all the 
work done upon his ranch or orchard, and still 
expect to make a living and a fortune from ten 
acres of land. There are as fair returns awaiting 
the industrious farmer here as anywhere, but 
gradual crystalization is bringing usual condi- 
tions down to the close margins which prevail 
east of the Rockies. 

" One thing which is vitally needed, both for 
the reputation of this section as well as profit to 
our producers, is more care and skill in the hand 
ling of farms and orchards and their products. 
There is great truth in the old aphorism ' crowded 
below, but plenty of room above.' He who takes 
the best care of his property, who most carefully 
cultivates and fertilizes his lands, using his brains 
as well as his hands, is almost uniformly success- 
ful. 

" Next in importance to the growing of crops 
is the harvesting of the same. The man whose 
oranges, for example, are carefully picked, clean- 
ed, graded and packed, every imperfect one being 
rejected, always has a market. The attempt to 
sell and ship inferior stuff is ruining the reputa- 
tion of the country. It had better be thrown into 
the sea. It would be money made in the end. 
The same is true of other things beside oranges. 
If this country is to maintain pre-eminence it 
must be achieved and sustained with quality 
rather than quantity. 

" Potatoes, with a few big ones in one end of 
the sack and the remaining composed of misera- 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 




112 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

ble scabby stuff, do not make for the producer or 
his section an enviable reputation. 

" Walnuts, with soil which attached to them 
when they fell under the trees still clinging to 
them, are unsalable, whereas, those which are 
thoroughly cleaned and carefully graded are 
usually of ready sale. They do not need ' sul- 
phuring,' that vile subterfuge, which is intended 
to make nuts seem what they are not, and which 
is unnecessary if they are properly cleaned and 
cared for. 

" Our dried fruits for example, can no longer 
find ready sale unless neatness and cleanliness 
obtain from the time the fruit is taken from the 
tree until it is sold, and unless it is honestly 
graded and tastily packed, and so on to the end of 
the chapter. 

" Of course, common sense must be used in 
marketing our stuff. It will not do to ' kill the 
goose that laid the golden egg,' by demanding at 
the beginning of the season, more for our pro- 
ducts than the same class of goods are jobbing 
for in the great markets upon which we must de- 
pend. A notable example may be cited in the 
fact that this year the walnut growers' associa- 
tions, instead of allowing common sense to pre- 
vail, demanded prices twenty per cent, higher 
than similar grades were bringing in the Atlan- 
tic markets, with the result that those markets 
were speedily filled to overflowing with impor- 
tations to the exclusion of the California article. 
A more sensible policy would have secured to the 



LOS ANGELES '. THEN AND NOW 



113 




«* / 




/'. . 



114 LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 

walnut growers of Southern California at least 
one hundred thousand dollars more than they 
will receive through the 'hog the persimmon,' 
plan which was adopted. The orange growers 
committed the same blunder in 1895. 

"Without going into detail, this country now 
needs more people of the right kind, and also 
that which our own people can supply, viz: care- 
ful cultivation of the soil, and honest harvesting 
of its products. 

" Let nothing be placed on the market until it 
is the very best exponent of labor, brains and 
skill, and a reputation will result which will be 
world wide; buyers from the antipodes will seek 
us out and contend for the opportunity to buy 
what w T e have to sell and at prices which will 
give us ' money to burn.' In short, let us have a 
little more honesty; first, honesty with ourselves, 
not obscured by laziness, and second, honesty 
with all the rest of mankind." 

We especially commend the remarks by Mr. 
Patterson. To follow out his suggestions would 
be to push our commercial, manufacturing and 
agricultural resources rapidly forward. 



tOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 



115 




€ 



CITY SEWER SYSTEM 

BY J. H. DOCKWEILER, CITY ENGINEER. 

HE sewer system of the city of Los An- 



geles consists of two main portions, 
the internal (the "collecting" system) 
and the outfall sewer (the "disposing" system.) 
Both portions are the creation of the last fifteen 
years of the history of the city — the latter abso- 
lutely so, and the former to all practical intent 
and purpose, as will appear from the following 
figures. At the present moment (1st December, 
1897), the total length of the infernal system is 
141 3-10 miles, while at the beginning of the pe- 
riod mentioned there were in existence only about 
10 miles (exact 9.93), which are classified as clay 
or cement pipes. 

The classification of the present total of 141.3 
miles above mentioned is as follows: 

Clay or cement pipe sewer 9.93 miles 

Brick sewer (30 inches to 52 inches in- 
ternal diameter) 8.08 " 

Cast iron sewer (30-inch pipe under 

Los Angeles river) 0.08 " 

Vitrified pipe sewer (from 8 to 30 in. 

internal drain) 123.21 " 

Total 141.30 " 

To any one casually inspecting this statement 



IvOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



117 







Il8 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

without knowing the peculiar circumstances of 
this city with regard to climate, respecting rain- 
fall, it might appear that the smaller size sewers 
unduly predominated and that hence the whole 
system would be liable to be inefficient for the 
population which is at present served by it and 
would become more inefficient as the population 
increases. 

Such a conclusion would be an error. The 
sewers of this city were planned — and very wisely 
so — on what is known as the "separate system;" 
that is, they are proportioned to convey the sew- 
age only and not the rainfall. The latter finds 
its way into the natural water courses by the gut- 
ters of the streets and — as parts of the city be- 
come more and more densely built up — by sub- 
terranean storm drains, which do not convey sew- 
age and, hence, are no part of the sewer system. 

As a matter of experience, hardly any of the 
sewers, planned and built within the last ten or 
twelve years, are taxed by the sewage of the pres- 
ent population to much above one quarter of their 
capacity. The sewage of the present population 
is distinctly less than anticipated and the vitri- 
fied pipe sewers, as a whole, were well built and 
are in such good, smooth, internal condition, that 
they err — if error there be — in being too large 
rather than too small. 

After the internal system of sewers has col- 
lected the sewage, the further question is: how is 
this combined mass to be disposed of? This has 
for years been the problem before the city author- 



I.OS ANGELES ; THEN AND NOW 



19 




120 LOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

ities and several partial solutions were from time 
to time adopted — none of them satisfactory in the 
long ran. The outfall sewer, built in the years 
1893 and 1894, has proved itself — in conformity 
with the views of its designers — as the final solu- 
tion, making the city the absolute master of the 
situation at all times. It is of ample capacity to 
take the sewage of a population of 125,000 or 
more, and carry it out into the ocean, if — and as 
long as — this sewage cannot be put to any better 
use. But during what is called the irrigation 
season it can be— and is — put to a better use. For 
about six months in the year very little, if any, 
sewage is wasted. It is all sold for irrigation 
along a portion of its route to the ocean. At 
present — irrigation generally, and irrigation by 
sewage particularly, being something new in part 
of the country between the city and the ocean, 
traversed by the sewer — the methods practiced 
are rather crude and improvident. But in the 
course of time all this is certain to change to 
something better and more permanent. Then 
the sewage will be used for irrigation at all times 
and not merely — as is too often done at present 
— to save a crop in the nick of time, which was 
expected to mature without an expenditure for 
irrigation. When this shall have been attained, 
the sewage problem will be disposed of without 
the doubtful experimei t of a sewage farm, owned 
and managed by the municipal corporation. 

This outfall sewer is nearly 12 miles long, for 
over half of which distance it is a wood-stave 



tOS ANGELES*. THEN AND NOW 121 




HON. JOSEPH D. LYNCH 
Permission of " Greater Los Angeles." 



122 I,OS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 

pressure pipe (inverted syphon) carrying the 
sewage across two very shallow valleys, each over 
three miles wide, where it can be pressed to the 
surface and used for irrigation without any ex- 
penditure for pumping. In the upper valley the 
pipe is of 38 inches internal diameter; in the 
lower valley of 36 inches. The rest of the above 
length of nearly 12 miles consists of brick sewer 
of 40 inches internal diameter and of tunnels of 
brick and concrete, of oval cross section, 4^ feet 
wide and six feet high. Of these tunnels there 
are three, the longest over a mile in length. From 
the bluff overlooking the "ocean to high-water 
mark, and thence 600 feet into the ocean, there 
are 1200 feet of cast iron pipe of 24 inches inter- 
nal diameter. 

The total cost of the sewer system, i. e. con- 
struction, cost, to date is about $1,250,000. • 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 23 




PROFESSOR PIERCE 



8 



OUR MINING INTEREST 

RY WILBUR 0. DOW. 

OUTHERN California fruits have ac- 
quired a reputation throughout the en- 
tire civilized world, and have drawn 
the attention of the people almost entirely away 
from the mining industry. Outside of those most 
directly interested, there are but few who are 
aware of the rich storehouse of precious metals 
that lie hidden in our mountain ranges, and 
among the sands of the desert, awaiting the pick 
of the sturdy miner to bring them to light, and 
prove to the world that the country south of the 
Tehachepi range contains as much rich mineral 
as does any other section of equal area in the 
world. Not but what there are other sections of 
the country equally as rich, but the territory is 
much smaller, and the cost of separating the ore 
so much greater, that their value must sink into 
insignificance, when compared with this vast ter- 
ritory. 

For years past, the newspapers throughout 
the State have kept the public fully informed as 
to the immense amount of fruit raised, consumed 
at home and shipped to Eastern States and for- 
eign countries, but invariably they have been 
more or less reticent regarding the output of our 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 25 





H. C. WYATT 



126 I,OS ANGEI/BS : THEN AND NOW 

producing mines, and the amount of development 
work being done in newly discovered territory, 
until within, perhaps, the past year. 

While it is true that the many millions and 
millions of dollars worth of wheat and fruit, 
which are exported to foreign countries are some- 
thing we may well be proud of, yet we should 
also be proud of the fact that California's gold 
production also runs into millions, and we should 
not be forced to wait for the little paragraph sent 
out by the director of the mint, once a year, to 
gain this information. 

Since the first discovery of gold in California, 
the State has ranked as the greatest gold produc- 
ing region ever known, and leaving out the pe- 
riod prior to 1870 altogether, we find from 1870 
down to and including 1896, the State has pro- 
duced the fabulous sum of $393,450,951 in gold, 
or an average of $14,842,665 per year. The 
yield last year was $15,335,900, and for the pres- 
ent year the probabilities are that the amount 
will be largely in excess of that produced in 
1896. 

That the agricultural and horticultural inter- 
ests in Southern California have largely outgrown 
the mining industry, is not to be wondered at, as 
our semi-tropical climate, splendid soil and other 
natural advantages, drew to this section thous- 
ands of people who were unacquainted with min- 
ing, but who were thorough agriculturalists and 
horticulturalists. They were enthusiastic in 
their belief that the desert could be made to bios- 



t,os ANGELES : Then and now 127 



HART BROS. 




s 



128 LOS ANGELES ! THEN AND NOW 

som as the rose, and how well they have suc- 
ceeded can only he known by a trip over any of 
the lines of railway traversing the great citrus 
belt. But the lover of horticulture, by his mag- 
nificent success, has paved the way for another 
and just as important member of the genus 
homo, the man who delves in the bowels of the 
earth to gain riches, and during the past few 
years this industry has received an impetus that 
will eventually land this favored section at the 
head of its class. 

The discovery of gold, made by Marshall on 
Sutter Creek, in the Northern part of the State, 
was proclaimed throughout the world and caused 
a stampede, the like of which has never been 
equaled to any gold producing country. 

Before and during the war, mining was the 
favorite pursuit of the venturesome " tender- 
foot." The newcomer, with few exceptions, tried 
the mines as a starter — as a rule, they were all 
young, and in no ways overburdened with wealth, 
and as mining was about the only available 
means of " making a pile," and as there were few 
if any other occupations open, promising in so 
short a time the large returns of the fortunate 
miner, most of them " headed" for the mining 
districts. Occasionally the man reared under the 
care of doting parents, and the advantages of 
wealth in his distant home, and trained to the vo- 
cation and profession of doctor, preacher or law- 
yer, finding the life of miner a trifle too irksome, 
would gravitate to the " Pueblitas" or small 



I,OS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 



129 




j^ga&afew 






tjO LOS ANGKtES : fHEN AND NOW 

towns, and turn gambler, or marry a Spanish 
senorita and a " rancho" and settle down to 
stock raising. 

After the " conquest" of California, the coun- 
try was divided into military districts. The gov" 
ernment, with the view of more fully protecting 
the newcomers, (who went anywhere without re- 
gard to consequences) established " Military 
Posts" upon the frontier in all directions. If the 
venturesome miner got into trouble of any kind, 
he could apply to the Post Quartermaster for aid, 
and be sure of receiving assistance If sick, he 
would be treated in the Post Hospital. If 
out of provisions, he would be furnished, and 
after resting, he was at liberty to resume his 
journey. 

In those early days, the officers and men of 
the army were a generous class, and can be said 
to have been the best friends the miner had, and 
to have given the mining industry the only im- 
petus it had aside from its promising results — 
they spent their salaries freely, and in every way 
helped the unfortunate and often discouraged 
miners to continue their prospecting and to go on 
mining in their primitive way. Quite a contrast 
when compared to the way the Canadian govern- 
ment treated the Klondyke miners the past year. 
While mining in the Northern portion of the 
State was more profitable at one time, it has been 
followed in Southern California constant!}', and 
to a greater or less extent. There were many big 
mining enterprises, and a great deal of gold has 



EOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



131 




HON. STEPHEN M. WHITE 
Permission of •'■ The Capital " 



132 LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 

been sent to the mint from south of the Tehach- 
epi mountains. 

As a historical fact, and perhaps not widely- 
known, gold was first discovered in Los Angeles 
county, and not by Marshall, on Sutter Creek, as 
claimed. This can be readily verified by many 
of the early comers now in Southern California. 
Don Abel Stearns of Los Angeles made a ship- 
ment of gold to the U. S. mint at Philadelphia as 
early as 1842 — this gold having been taken from 
the San Gabriel Canon and the San Francisquite 
Creek. Alfred Robinson is, perhaps, the first 
man to have his gold received at a U. S. mint 
from these mines, and without question it was 
here in 1841 or 1842, that the first discovery of 
gold in California occurred. Francisco Lopez, a 
native Californian, while digging wild onions 
with his sheath knife, discovered a piece of gold 
in the dirt, and it is also a known fact that as 
early as 1843 and 1844, the Indians exchanged 
gold for liquor and goods in Monterey. Lopez 
was unquestionably the first white man of record 
to discover gold in California. He sleeps in ob- 
scurity, while Marshall has a statue erected in 
his memory. 

The first quartz mill built for Southern Cali- 
fornia came in 1856, and was for mines in the 
slate range country, now in Inyo county. This 
mill was owned by the late Prudent Beaudry and 
Dan and John Searles, and was built by Peter 
Donahue, who alone in California could do that 
kind of work at that date. This old time mill 



LOS ANGELES '. THEN AND NOW 



m 



m 




J. H. DOCKWEILER 
Permission of " The Capital " 



134 I/OS ANGEIvES : THEN AND NOW 

ran a long while, and created great prosperity in 
its vicinity. The next mill was also built by My. 
Donahue in 18P1, and was sent to the Holcomb 
Valley, it was also a good paying property. It 
is claimed that millions of dollars were taken 
from the Placer and Quartz mines in Holcomb 
Valley between the years of i860 and 1865. In 
1862 there were fully 3000 miners in the district, 
all making money. About the same time the 
Holcomb Valley mill was erected, a five-stamp 
mill was brought into Southern California, and 
erected at the famous Armargosa mines; this mill 
also paid enormously until 1863, when the In- 
dians raided the place and burned the mill. At 
this time — 1861 to 1 865 — mining operations upon 
a large scale were being carried on at La Pez and 
along the Colorado River for over 200 miles. 

El Dorado Canon was a lively camp during 
these years. After the discovery of silver in Neva- 
da, in 1859, by Pat McLaughlin (not by Comstock) 
mining for that metal, as well as gold, took on 
quite a boom all over California and Nevada. 

Since the first excitement which occurred in 
1841-42, this section has experienced no particu- 
lar mining boom, but what is much more satis- 
factory, there has been a gradual and substantial 
growth of the mining industry. To be sure, the 
growth up to within the past two or three years 
has been slow, but it has been steady and of a 
kind to gain the confidence of capitalists, when 
once they become acquainted with the territory. 

There is an old saying that the " proof of the 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



35 




HOTEL LINCOLN 



136 LOS ANGELES : THEN' AND NOW 

pudding is in the eating,'" and it appears pecu- 
liarly applicable to existing circumstances in this 
particular section today: inasmuch as a few short 
years ago there were no mining districts platted, 
and but few stamp mills in operation, and very 
little interest taken in this industry. Today a 
great change is apparent; the territory is divided 
into a score or more districts, all of which have 
many good paying mines, and hundreds of prom- 
ising prospects. Stamp mills are being erected as 
fast as the demand for them shows that they may 
become profitable; this coupled with the fact that 
ore taken from, even the poorest mines, can be 
worked at a fair profit, has created an impetus to 
the mining industry, heretofore unknown. 

To those who have not kept themselves in- 
formed regarding the mining industry of South- 
ern California, a recapitulation of the mills in 
operation will no doubt prove somewhat of a sur- 
prise. Briefly stated, the mills in operation are 
as follows : 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 

Mill, 4: stamps, 30. 

SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 

Mills, 21; stamps, 329. 

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 

Mills, 29; stamps, 301. 

KERN COUNTY. 

Mills, 24; stamps, 238. 

RIVERSIDE COUNTY. 

Mills, 18; stamps, 123. 



I,OS ANGELES 1 THEN AND NOW 



137 




W. C. T. U. 



138 I,OS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

INYO COUNTY. 

Mills, 22; stamps, 132. 

VENTURA COUNTY. 

Mills, 2; stamps, 20. 

And in addition, there are a large number of 
arastras, dry washers and patent mills of all 
kinds scattered throughout all the counties, and 
from a careful estimate it is conceded that during 
the present year Southern California will furnish 
$5,800,000 worth of mineral. 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY MINES. 

Los Angeles county boasts of forty or fifty gold 
mines being worked at the present time, chief 
among which are the Red Rover and Mohawk- 
Acton in the Acton district. Work was begun 
on the Red Rover mine over thirty years ago, and 
was followed up with varying success for five 
years, when the vein pinched out, and for a time 
the mine was abandoned. Later, however, the 
owners concluded to sink deeper, and at the depth 
of 700 feet were rewarded with a twelve foot ledge 
of valuable ore. The Mohawk- Acton is an old 
Mexican mine, that was worked about twenty 
years ago, from which several thousand dollars 
were extracted by the arastra process. It was 
abandoned for several years until its present 
owners gained possession, when they at once be- 
gan development work in a thorough and syste- 
matic manner. 

In San Gabriel Canon a number of miners are 
making fairly good wages working placer mines. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



139 




GREAT CABLE INCLINE, MOUNT LO 7 3 I V" < / 



I4-0 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

The San Gabriel Mining Company have driven a 
tunnel 1300 feet under the bed of the river, with 
strong hopes that when they strike bed rock they 
will be amply repaid for their labor. They have 
expended $20,000 in the work. 

Ten miles east of Acton is the Black Cat, upon 
which a large amount of work has been done 
and a twenty stamp mill is connected with the 
mine. 

On Mt. Gleason, eight miles from Acton, there 
are eight mines, upon some of which consid- 
erable development work has been done. Sixteen 
miles East of Acton are the Monte Cristo group 
of five mines, two of which are free milling. There 
are also the Peabody and West mines, eight 
miles from Acton on Mt. Gleason. The Tejunga 
mines, sixteen miles East of Acton, upon all of 
which development work is being steadily car- 
ried on. 

RIVERSIDE COUNTY. 

A large majority of the mining claims in Riv- 
erside county have been located during the past 
eighteen months. Many of them are proving ex- 
tremely rich, and their owners are very enthusi- 
astic over their chances. The principal districts 
are the Pinon, Pinicate, Eagle Mountain and 
Menifee. Assays from the ores in these districts 
run from $5 to $20 per ton. In the Pinon dis- 
trict is the now celebrated Lost Horse mine, for 
which an offer of $250,000 has been refused. It 
is situated twenty-eight miles North of Indio, and 



I,OS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 



141 




142 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

has lately been incorporated with a capital stock 
of $500,000 divided into 5000 shares. 

In the Eagle Mountain district there are a 
number of good mines, assays from which prove 
them to be very rich. Among them are the Iron 
Chief, from which several carloads of ore have 
been shipped, and given returns of from $80 to 
$115 per ton; the Blackbird, $80 to $124 per ton; 
the Buzzard, $52 in gold and a good showing in 
copper ; the Occident, $100 per ton ; the Mary Ann, 
$350 per ton from the croppings, and a new dis- 
covery, the Essie I., the character of ore and for- 
mation being identical with the Lost Horse mine, 
and assaying from $300 to $426 per ton, free mill- 
ing ore In the Menifee district the most prom- 
ising mine is the Leon, situated seven miles south- 
west of Winchester. The ore averages from $32 
to $153 per ton. Other good mines are the Mam- 
moth, Ophir, Perris and the Menifee, the latter 
being equipped with a steam hoist and a five- 
stamp mill. Adjoining the Menifee on the West 
is the Pinicate district, which contains a number 
of famous mines, of which the best developed are 
the Good Hope, Golden Chariot, Santa Rosa, 
Santa Fe and Indian Queen. Of these the Good 
Hope is the best known, and is considered by ex- 
perts to be very valuable, $11,000 having been 
milled in a two weeks' run, and a new ledge has 
been uncovered which assays $2000 to the ton. 

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 

During the past two years this county has 
made rapid strides in the development of its 



i<os ang^lks : the;n and now 



M3 




144 I*OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

mining industry. Old mines have been reopened, 
new discoveries made, mills built, water devel- 
oped and prospecting done on a large scale. The 
Virginia Dale district is at present receiving more 
attention than any other section. The first loca- 
tions were made about eight years ago near Dale 
City, and the prospectors were obliged to haul 
water from Twenty-nine Palms, fourteen miles 
distant. Since then, a well one hundred feet 
deep has been sunk at Dale City, which furnishes 
an abundance of water for the surrounding mines. 
F. C. Baird, who owns a number of mines, has 
erected a twenty stamp mill, which is kept run- 
ning night and day. The ore taken from the 
mines in this district runs from $8 to $110 per 
ton. 

The Holcomb Valley district, one of the oldest 
in Southern California, is exceedingly rich in 
placer diggings. Over thirty years ago, a large 
number of miners were working the placers and 
took out millions of dollars in a few months, buc 
owing to an excess of water too near the surface, 
the work was abandoned. About four years ago 
a large portion of the valley was purchased by 
an English company, who have put in the latest 
improved machinery, including a steam shovel. 
They have also heavy pumps to keep out the wa- 
ter, and will go to bed rock. The gravel is known 
to be very rich, and with the addition of the im- 
proved machinery to handle it, large returns are 
expected. In the Upper Holcomb a stamp mill 
has been erected by Mr. Arnold of Los Angeles to 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 145 




GEORGE \V. WHITE. D. 1). 



146 IyOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

crush the ore from his two quartz mines. He has 
run a seventy-five foot drift on one of his claims, 
which has a three foot ledge of $20 ore, mostly- 
free milling The results ohtained have been so 
satisfactory to Mr. Arnold, that he has decided to 
enlarge his plant. The celebrated Green Leaf 
mine is in this district, from which, it is stated, 
Richard Garvey took several hundred thousand 
dollars in gold thirty-five years ago. The mine 
was abandoned for twenty five years. About a 
year ago, Messrs. Dickey and Simons bonded it, 
and cleaned out the old tunnel, drifted farther in 
and struck another rich vein. They have im- 
proved machinery, a ten-stamp mill, and it is 
conceded that if it were possible to take out 
nearly a million with the aid only of arastras 
and a cannon ball mill, the new owners will be 
able to produce many times that amount. 

At Horse Springs, several claims have been 
taken up, and a few good strikes made, but very 
little of the ore is free milling. Among them are 
the Little Nell, Victor, Mojave Chief and Gold 
Bug. Considerable development work has been 
done in all of them, and the ore taken out will 
yield a handsome profit. The Gold Bug is a four 
foot ledge, nine inches of which is high grade. 
The owner made a shipment of several tons of 
selected ore, which netted $125 per ton. There 
is an abundance of timber and water in this dis- 
trict, and a good road from the mines to the rail- 
road. 

Another rich district, and one that is at pres- 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



147 



I 




Mil.?; 



^f^W*»*j 




Permission MOUNT LOWE RAILWAY 



148 I.OS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 

ent receiving much attention, is the Hocumac. 
For years a party of men have been working a 
placer claim known as the Hydraulic. As to the 
amount taken out, little is known, as the men 
who are working it prefer to keep quiet regarding 
its richness, yet old miners claim that between 
$50,000 and $100,000 in gold has been secured. 

The Agamemnon, a claim recently located, 
has caused considerable excitement, and by its 
richness has caused a more thorough prospecting 
of the district. Assays from the Agamemnon 
have ranged from $68 to $675 per ton. 

ORO GRANDE DISTRICT. 

This is an old mining camp, located on the 
Santa Fe R. R. just over the mountains from San 
Bernardino. As a rule, the ore is very refrac- 
tory. There are a few claims in this camp con- 
sidered. The Carbonate, the Rose and Sidewin- 
der, have been worked for the past six or seven 
years. The Vanderbilt, owned by Charley Bell, 
is a promising claim. The ledge is seven feet 
wide, with a shaft 125 feet deep, and 60 foot drift. 
The average value of the ore is $12 per ton. Sev- 
eral years' ago, a very rich pocket of ore, showing 
free gold, was uncovered in the shaft, which at 
the time created quite an excitement in the camp, 
but as a rule the ore is not of high grade, but has 
paid something over expenses for mining and 
shipping. 

South of Virginia Dale, on the mountains in 
Hemet Valley, some prospecting has been done. 



T.OS ANGEIvES : THEN AND NOW 



149 




150 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

The Hemet Bell is one of the oldest claims in this 
district. The ledge is only about 16 inches wide 
and ore is free milling. The value of the ore 
from this claim is $20 per ton. The formation is 
granite. South of the Hemet Bell several large 
ledges have been discovered, but of low grade. 

In the Good Hope district a large number of 
locations have been made, and many of the claims 
are being worked, but whether this camp will be 
a success, the future only can determine. 

The section of the country south of Glamis, 
near the Bay Horse mine, is at present attracting 
much attention. On account of the indications 
for paying placer ground, during the past sixty 
days, a large number of placer locations have 
been made, and the locators are now at work 
with dry washers, testing the value of their 
claims If water could be obtained for washing 
these placers, there is no doubt but what they 
would pay handsomely, as nearly every pan of 
dirt shows colors. 

THE AMARGOSA MINE. 

This mine is situated in' the| Amargosa dis- 
trict about eighty miles Northeast of Daggett on 
the line of the Santa Fe R. R. Fickle fortune 
has played many pranks with this mine. There 
is abundant evidence that it was worked by the 
Spaniards long before Americans thought of gold 
in California. 

Later, it was worked by Mexicans, but as their 
facilities for crushing ore were of the simplest 



I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 151 




152 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

kind, they worked only the richest ore. A five 
stamp mill was put up early in the sixties, and 
the mine was soon in a flourishing condition, but 
the Indians made a raid, murdered the miners 
and burned the mill. During the early part of 
the present year, ths mine was secured by Los 
Angeles parties, who began active work, and have 
equipped it with the latest improved machinery. 
They have done over 2,500 feet of work, and have 
uncovered ore of great richness. The vein is said 
to be a true fissure, eight feet wide, much of which 
is high grade, and some of the samples which 
have been assayed run as high as $8,000 per ton. 
The formation is granite, which gives the assur- 
ance that it will grow richer as they go down. 
The company have opened it for 800 feet, and re- 
port 20,000 tons of oie in sight. There is abund- 
ance of fuel and water, also a good wagon road to 
Daggett. The company is firmly of the opinion 
that the Amargosa will soon become dividend 
paying, and one of the largest producers in the 
State. 

The Vanderbilt, Manvel and Twenty-nine 
Palms districts have each a number of promising 
mines and excellent prospects. While a few of 
the pioneers have known of the richness of these 
districts for a long time, it required the increased 
interest in mining of the past few years for them 
to be thoroughly prospected. 

RANDSBURG — THE RAND MINING DISTRICT. 

Since the great rush to the California gold 
fields in '49, there has probably been no district 



I.OS A NGELES : THEN AND NOW 



153 




154 I<OS ANGEI/KS : THEN AND NOW 

which has caused so much excitement in a 
short space of time as the Rand Mining district, 
situated in the southern part of Kern county, and 
only a day's ride from Los Angeles. The first 
quartz vein was discovered in 1895, since which 
time the recorder of that county has been kept 
pretty busily engaged recording mining claims. 

The district has been thoroughly written up 
by every city daily in the State, and the fame of 
the wonderful deposits have reached every part 
of the civilized globe, and it is in part due to the 
rich discoveries made in this district that the 
great revival in the mining industry of Southern 
California may be attributed. 

To give a detailed account of the development 
work already accomplished would take more 
space than this article is designed to fill, yet a 
brief synopsis will not be amiss. 

The Wedge mine, one of the first to win a rec- 
ord, at a depth of 365 feet, is claimed to have pro- 
duced $120,000, the first work being done only a 
little over a year ago. 

The Lucky Star Group of Mines, which have 
been so little developed that they are scarcely 
more than prospects, produced $50,000 the first 
year. 

The Merced mine has two shafts down 100 feet 
and from which over $8,000 was taken in a short 
time. 

On the. Napoleon two shafts have been sunk 
from which $7,000 was taken in six weeks. Six- 
teen tons of ore netted $3,000. 



I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 



15: 




^__. 



_____ 



156 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

The Gold Bug, Treasure, Butte, Minnehaha, 
Tip Top, Yorkshire Lass, Hard Cash, Magganet- 
ta, J. I. C. and Excelsior, are all being rapidly 
developed, and are piling up ore, from which a 
handsome profit will accrue when milled. 

JOHANNESBURG. 

There is quite a rivalry between Randsburg 
and Johannesburg for supremacy as mining 
camps. Johannesburg being the terminus of the 
branch railroad from Kramer, will, no doubt, 
claim the distinction of being "the metropolis." 

The most talked about mine in this camp is 
the Alameda, upon which reduction works are 
being erected at a cost of $20,000. Four shafts 
are being sunk on the property on parallel veins, 
which are from 20 to 40 feet apart. The ore 
bodies are from three to six feet in width and free 
milling. About 100 tons of ore have been mill- 
ed, the ore ranging from $9 to $100 per ton. The 
company is incorporated with a capital of half a 
million, but there is not a dollar's wor h of stock 
for sale. 

The Val Verde group have proved to be great 
wealth producers. On Val Verde No 1 a shaft 
has been sunk 150 feet, with ore in sight estima- 
ted to be worth $250,000. 

On the King Solomon mine the shaft is down 
over 200 feet, and upon which a very rich strike 
was made on the 200 foot level. 

The Garlock district, which is on the Mojave 
road to Ransburg, has rich placer diggings, but 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW I57 

owing to the scarcity of water, cannot be worked 
to the best advantage. The gold is of a very fine 
quality, running in value as high as $19 per 
ounce. 

SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 

Mining affairs through San Diego county are 
keeping in touch with the districts in other coun- 
ties. The Eastern part of the county is a vast 
mining district, of which little is known, with the 
exception of the Cargo Muchacho district, in 
which are situated some large properties, among 
them the Golden Cross mines and others. 

The Golden Cross mines are equipped with 
the largest mill in Southern California — 140 
stamps. They are in the hands of a receiver at 
the present time, on account of a disagreement 
among the stockholders, yet with the additional 
expense, the mines are paying all expenses and 
giving a fair profit, and this too, on low grade 
ore, avering from $2.13 to $5.64 per ton. It is in- 
teresting to note the fact that ore averaging only 
$3.98 per ton can be worked at a profit. Such 
being the case, however, it is still more interesting 
to figure the profits which would accrue from ore 
ranging from $25 to $100. It seems to be sim- 
ply a case of the capacity of the stamp mills. 

Twenty-five miles north of Yuma, and five 
miles west of the Colorado river, is the Picacho 
district, from which it is stated $10,000,000 of 
gold has come from placer diggings. Four miles 
west of the Picacho basin is the White Gold Ba- 
sin, upon which some excellent mines have been 



I58 LOS ANGEI/ES : THEN AND NOW 

located. Tests made of the ore returned $74 per 
ton in free gold. The owner of the group is a 
Denver man, and it is reported he will erect a 
100 stamp mill. 

The Julian, Escondido and Deer Park districts 
are each receiving their share of attention by 
mining men, and give promise of furnishing some 
good mines in the near future. 

The Mesquite, well known to all old time 
prospectors, is receiving more than usual atten- 
tion since the discovery of the Bay Horse mine. 
This mine was located the first of last year. 
Several tests of ore have been made, five of them 
averaging $127.31. A company has been formed 
with the capital placed at $1,500,000. Active 
development work is now in progress, three shafts 
having been sunk, 40, 35 and 30 feet deep, all in 
good ore. The members of the company are 
firmly of the belief that the Bay Horse is destined 
to become one of the best dividend payers in the 
State. 

The North Star mine, in the Banner district, 
is showing very rich ore, and good mines are be- 
ing developed in the Deer Park district. The 
Gavilan, Pinacate, Cohnilla and Tanquitze dis- 
tricts, will all have new mills by January, 1898, 
and according to the Riverside Enterprise 100 
more stamps will soon be in operation in that 
county. 



From the foregoing, it is easily seen that the 
mining industry throughout Southern California 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 159 

is in an excellent condition. The different lines 
of railway run in close proximity to a majority 
of the districts. The stamp mill is fast superced- 
ing the arastra. New capital is pouring in to de- 
velop prospects, which show pay streaks; im- 
proved machinery of all kinds is being bought 
and placed in position, and with the feeling which 
now prevails in mining circles, there is no doubt 
but that the year 1898 will mark an epoch in 
quartz mining in this section, and that the out- 
put of ore will more than double that of any 
other year. 

The above is quite sufficient argument in favor 
of a general reduction works in Los Angeles. 



THE OIL INDUSTRY 




IL of late years has great- 
ly augmented and so- 
lidified the wealth of 
Southern California, 
and the Secretary of 
the Produce Oil Ex- 
change furnishes the 
following commenda- 
ble article on the sub- 
ject : 

The oil fields of Santa 
Paula and Puente districts have for years sup- 
plied considerable crude petroleum, but not until 
the discovery of oil in the city of Los Angeles 
could it be said that Southern California was 
bountifully supplied with cheap fuel. The com- 
paratively low cost of wells and the accessibility 
to the market brought the price down to such an 
extent that today the use of coal or wood for 
steam and power producing purposes in Southern 
California has been entirely superceded by oil, 
and the developments made in the various dis- 
tricts where oil has been found, show that South- 
ern California is richly endowed with oil, and 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW l6l 

that we are assured of a fuel supply adequate to 
all demands for years to come. The production 
of oil has increased as the demand has been cre- 
ated, and from a few hundred barrels a month 
in the year of 1893, the Los Angeles fields alone 
are now being called upon for about ninety 
thousand barrels per month. 

There are about five hundred producing wells 
in this district. Nearly all wells produce during 
the first ninety days' pumping, fifty per cent, of 
their entire output for two years, the decline be- 
ing very rapid after the first three months. The 
average production of our wells is about six bar- 
rels per day, varying from one barrel up. 

The oil belt runs almoft due east and west and 
dips to the south; the developments now cover 
about two miles in length, from three hundred to 
six hundred feet in width. The western end of 
the field is badly broken and work in that direc- 
tion has temporarily ceased. On the eastern end 
the drillers keep pressing forward with encourag- 
ing results. It will soon be necessary to make a 
long jump, the Catholic cemetery, the Sou' hern 
Pacific railroad yards, and the river being next 
in the line of work. 

In the work now being done east of the river, 
results will be watched with great interest by all 
engaged in the business or use of oil. 

The gravity of our oil varies from twelve to 
nineteen degrees, the lighter oils being mostly 
from the east end. The heaviest oil comes from 
the center field, yet one finds both grades of oil 



1 62 I,OS ANGKIyES I THKN AND NOW 

from wells within a few hundred feet of each 
other, the oil from the upper strata being the 
lighter. 

The wells on the north line of the vein reach 
the oil sand at about seven hundred feet, and at 
about one thousand feet on the south line; the 
upper sand varies from forty to one hundred feet; 
a second sand has been developed at about one 
hundred feet below the first strata, but in a great 
many instances, wells have encountered consider- 
able water, after going through the first strata, so 
as to drown them out. On account of the water 
no endeavor has so far been made to go deeper 
than twelve hundred feet. 

The base of our oil is asphaltum — it is a safe 
fuel, its low gravity making it necessary to va- 
porize it, or heat the oil before it will burn. A 
small fire could be easily extinguished with the 
oil at 85 degrees F. 

Practical experience has demonstrated that 
from three to four barrels of oil will do the work 
of one ton of Australian or Wellington coal. The 
average price of oil is abouc one dollar ($1.00) 
per barrel of 42 gallons. 

The Santa Fe R. R. use it extensively on all 
of their locomotives in Southern California west 
of Barstow — about forty-five engines. The South- 
ern Pacific have about fifteen engines burning 
oil, and are constantly changing others. All of 
our gas and electric plants use it — street cars, 
laundries, breweries, lime and brick kilns, ice 
cold storage, etc. 



I,OS ANGELAS t THEN AND NOW 1 63 

At this writing we are shipping about twenty- 
five thousand barrels of our product to northern 
points — mostly to San Francisco, freight rate be- 
ing fifty- one cents per barrel. 

It ought not to be possible to spare any of 
this fuel for shipment in its crude state. The 
cheapness of the oil ought to encourage capital to 
use it in manufacturing. 

A refinery on a large scale is wanted; as- 
phaltum and its by-products would pay. 

The Santa Fe R. R. developments at Fuller- 
ton are proving satisfactory, four wells now be- 
ing in operation there. The oil is about 20 de- 
grees gravity and the wells produce about the 
same as an average Los Angeles well. 

The Puente field has not been very produc- 
tive ; so far the Puente Company has about 
forty wells in operation. The last two wells fin- 
ished by the Puente Company were located by 
Professor Watts, of the State Geological De- 
partment, and results show that science has 
been triumphant, for the two w 7 ells are the 
largest producers the company has so far de- 
veloped, and they believe that they have a large 
area of territory which will produce like results. 



A MINIATURE EMPIRE. 
^IJ'ANY principalities, says a late pamph- 
^ \jK let issued by the Los Angeles Chamber 

' of Commerce, which have played quite 

an important part in the political history of 
Europe, cannot boast half the resources that lie 
dormant, or only partially developed, within the 
confines of Los Angeles county 

"Los Angeles, while not a very large county, 
as counties go in the western part of the United 
States, covers a wide expanse of land, containing 
about 4000 square miles of territory, being, con- 
sequently, almost as large as the State of Con- 
necticut, and twice as large as Delaware. Some 
four-fifths of the area is capable of cultivation, 
with water supplied, the remainder being moun- 
tainous. The shore line is about eighty five miles 
in length, the county extending from thirty to 
fifty miles back from the ocean. Within this 
area there is a remarkable variety of scenery, 
soil and climate. There are low, moist valleys, 
elevated mesas, or table lands, rolling foothills 
and rugged mountains, some of them snow-capped 
in winter. 

"Some of the most picturesque scenery in the 
world is found along the foothills of the Sierra 
Madre range. Especially is this true in the 
winter season, when the snow-clad mountains 



I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 65 

form a striking back ground to the wide expanse 
of dark green orange groves, in which the golden 
spheres shine out amid the glossy foliage, while 
the atmosphere is laden with the perfume of 
myraids of delicate flowers. Higher up, on the 
summits of these mountains, are groves of noble 
pine trees, which shade attractive camping 
grounds for the residents of the plains during 
the summer months. Then, again, along the 
seashore, there are breezy stretches of level land, 
where the temperature varies but a few degrees 
from January to Christmas. 

"The population of Los Angeles county, by 
the census of 1890, was 101,454. A conservative 
estimate places the present population of the 
county at over 175,000. The assessed valuation 
of property is nearly $100,000,000. The mar- 
velous growth that has been made by this 
imperial county during the past few years may 
be seen from the statement that, by the census of 
1880, the population was only 33,881, while the 
assessed valuation, in 1882, was only $20,655,- 
294. 

"A striking evidence of the solid financial 
condition of Los Angeles county is furnished by 
the latest statistics of mortgages on real estate in 
California. In forty-two of the agricultural and 
commercial counties of California the percentage 
of loans to the value of property is 19.03 per 
cent. As the assessed values are not more than 
two-thirds of the market values of lands and 
improvements, the actual percentage of indebt- 



1 66 I,OS ANGEtES : THEN AND NOW 

edness in the State is only 13.69 per cent, a very 
low figure. Turning to Los Angeles county, we 
find that the percentage of mortgage indebtedness 
amounts to less than 10 per cent, or to be exact, 
9.6 per cent." 



FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES. 



H 



'GRICULTURE, mining, manufacturing 
and commerce or exchange — these con- 
4 "^ stitute the divisions of human industry, 
and underneath each are found the ground prin- 
ciples of all successful society. That people are 
the happiest who most observe the basic elements 
of human relations and make the least effort to 
devour one another. As mankind is largely de- 
pendent upon what grows out of the earth, agri- 
culture becomes the basis of all efforts to pro- 
long existence. Therefore, he who can best ad 
just his efforts to those of nature, secures the 
results. To bring man-force and elementary 
forces in agriculture into happy union requires 
thought, study, reflection. In Southern Califor- 
nia, brains and muscle meet meritorious nature 
in thoroughness and attractiveness, soil con- 
ditions, meteorological differences, and other in- 
fluences combine to produce marvels in the in- 
terests of the human race, hence Los Angeles is 
not destined to become alone an aggregation of 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 167 

noted beings but the entire surroundings are fast 
assuming peculiarities peculiar to the region and 
the natural attractions. The rural population is 
tending to density. All the elements of com- 
pactness are here, hence the valleys tributary to 
Los Angeles will ever pour their wealth into her 
commercial lap. They will not only pour in but 
also draw out vast quantities of household and 
agricultural necessities for compensation. 

MANUFACTORIES. 

There are several hundred factories in success- 
ful operation in the city. The Baker Iron Works 
is a successful enterprise employing a large force 
of skilled workmen. 

The Cudahy Packing Company has stimu- 
lated hog raising; and their firm daily uses large 
numbers of sheep, hogs and cattle. With the 
facilities to grow swine, the farmers ought to fur- 
nish all the hams and bacon required by our 
people. 

There are over three hundred manufactories 
now in successful operation in this city, and 3000 
families are patrons of these home products. 
With an increased demand for choice articles 
made at home, our enterprising converters of 
raw material into usable goods, will find an in- 
creased trade, and as this widens every avenue 
of industry will be stimulated. Let our people 
stand by the producers. 

AMAZING GROWTH. 

The eloquence of the recent census cannot be 



1 68 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

hushed. Springing from a population of 51,- 
000 in 1890 to 103,705 in 1897, or a gain of over 
100 per cent, is a declaration of growth so em- 
phatic that the dullest can comprehend. A spirit 
of contentment prevails, and the pleasures which 
flow from all the genial natural elements are sure 
to win many more ten thousands who shall be- 
come weary of nature's variableness where they 
now are. 

ASPHALTUM. 

In and near the city are large beds of brea or 
bitumen from which is manufactured an excel- 
lent article of asphaltum for street paving and 
roofing purposes. It is found to possess superior 
qualities in the construction of lemon curing 
houses or any structure requiring an even tem- 
perature, since it is almost impervious to heat. 
As the necessity for packing houses and dairies 
increase, the demand for this cheap, reliable and 
lasting material will increase, thus extending 
its manufacture. The bitumen and oil products 
for the past year exceed $1,000,000. Mr. A. W. 
Ludlow says this industry is in its infancy and 
the future development of it will some day sur- 
prise the world. 

BUILDINGS 

The accretions and developments during the 
past three years have been marvelous, based, as 
they have been, on sound financial principles. 
Over $10,000,000 have been spent here on public 
and private buildings and improvements. Many 
of the business edifices and residences would be 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 169 

considered ornaments in cities with five times the 
population. The architecture is varied. The 
monotony of sameness is absent, thus giving re- 
lief to the eye, or rather conveying rapture to the 
artistic mind. This upward and onward stride 
is simply another proof of the unsurpassed soil, 
locative and climatic conditions, and as capital 
shall move and understand this inviting field, 
new industries will spring up, calling for many 
additional magnificent structures. 

The following table will show the develop- 
ments in building from July, 1889, to December 
1st, 1897: 

July, 1889, to Dec. 1st, 1889, 194 per- 
mits to cost $ 797,121 

1889-90, 746 permits, to cost 1,146,851 

1890 91, 656 permits, to cost 1,306,130 

1891-92, 789 permits, to cost 1,888,000 

1892-93, 1312 permits, to cost 1,639,000 

1893-94, 1795 permits, to cost 2,326,000 

1894-95, 2415 permits, to cost 3,885,883 

1895-96, 2312 permits, to cost 2,751,630 

1896-97, 2015 permits, to cost 2,481,685 

Total $18,222,500 

THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. 

A reading people are a thinking people, a full 
people; abreast of the indomitable pluck and per- 
severance of our cousins to the north and to the 
east, our public library, evolving out of small be- 
ginnings, has grown, not to the full stature of 



I70 I,OS ANGKlvES : THEN AND NOW 

manhood, but to handsome, vigorous youth-hood, 
rilled with an animation which bespeaks high 
attainments in the nearby. 

HOMES. 

The fame of this climate has swept the horizon 
of our eastern neighbors and penetrated the 
living masses of the European continent. All 
attempts to shake off these genial conditions, 
where earth, air, sunshine and water joins hands 
in one continuous round of fructiferous delights, 
are so many failures. Once panoplied with na- 
ture's charms and drinking in her pure and un- 
sullied favors, the " tourist" as well as the home- 
seeker and " homesicker," are impelled to enjoy 
those natural fascinations in due time by living 
in them; hence Southern California will ever be 
the one free spot where the lover of nature's un- 
disturbed harmonies will offer for him the larg- 
est possibilities of paradisical realization on earth. 
Our homes, therefore, are designed, in the very 
nature of the circumstances, to become the admi- 
ration of the acutest esthetic and the commenda- 
tion of a growing civilization. 

Given limitless, natural possibilities, our 
homes may present the attractiveness of an Eden. 
The unending round of variety of flowers, the 
diversity of shrubbery, the helpfulness of the ar- 
tist — all combine to develop the most charming 
places of quietude and restfulness. Many such 
are already ornamenting the lovely city, which 
sits at the foot of the Sierra Madre, looking out 



iX)S angei.es : then and now 171 

on yonder placid water, destined to cast into her 
lap a magnificent commerce. 

SAVINGS. 

The greater and simpler the facilities for 
laborers and artisans to place their surplus earn- 
ings, be they ever so small, in places of safety, 
the greater the prosperity of the entire com- 
munity; for a people who save with the view of 
securing homes are not likely to be otherwise 
than contented as well as useful. The Septem- 
ber, 1897, report of five of our savings banks 
show deposits of $4,022,532.12. The deposits in 
other banks bring this sum up to over $12,000,- 
000. To this should be added the millions 
which go into building associations from parties, 
who would, without this means of applying their 
surplus toward the payment of homes, perhaps 
permit it to go in luxuries and dainties. 



L 



OUTSIDE RESOURCES. 

OS ANGELES, like all other progressive 



cities, is not wholly dependent for ex- 
♦*^^ tension upon the resources within her 
limits. Domestic trade relations are fixed upon 
established commercial law — supply and de- 
mand. The inherent forces of a city are stimu- 
lated largely by exchange. The incoming 
and outgoing necessities and luxuries 



172 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

through the arteries of trade, like healthful 
blood coursing through the human system,, re- 
plenish and strengthen the body politic. The 
more trade the greater the strength. Los Ange- 
les accretes through the tremendous outside helps 
by land and by sea. 

In matters of horticulture che 11,000 car 
loads of oranges and lemons during the year 
1887, the 600 carloads of English walnuts, the 
30,000,000 pounds of sugar, the products of 1,- 
300 quince trees, 38,000 plums, 974,000 French 
prunes, 75,000 other prunes, 71,000 figs, 237,- 
000 apples, 23,000 cherries, 1,005,000 peaches, 
and 1,075,000 apricots, millions of pounds of 
strawberries and blackberries, a hundred thou- 
sand tons of hay, train loads of potatoes, and 600 
cars of celery, together with a long list of other 
vegetables and cereals, are important factors in 
our city's development. 

The production of string beans, green peas, 
chili peppers and tomatoes, for winter shipment 
to supply trade demands north and east, is an 
inviting field. Capital may find here remuner- 
ative investment and an extension of^the present 
efforts in frostless locations. Potatoe?, cabbage, 
onions and cauliflower are exported in large 
quantities. 

The following will show how our citizens may 
indulge in ripe fruits every day in the year: 

Oranges All the year 

Lemons All the year 

Limes All the year 



**• 



I<OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 73 

Figs July to Christmas 

Almonds October 

Apples July to November 

Pears July to November 

Grapes July to December 

Peaches June to Christmas 

Apricots June to September 

Plums and prunes June to September 

Japanese persimmons ... Nov. and Dec. 

Guavas Nearly all the year 

Loquats May and June 

Strawberries .\ . .Nearly all the year 

Raspberries June to September 

Blackberries June to September 

Currants May and June 

Watermelons July to December 

Cantaloupes July to December 

Mulberries July to December 

Nectarines August 

Olives December and January 

Pomegranates September and December 

Quinces October and December 

HAY AND GRAINS. 

When the existing conditions relative to hor- 
ticultural productions and the requirements of 
cities and towns and mines are taken into con- 
sideration, the importance of general farming as 
a feeder to the southwest metropolis assumes 
gratifying proportions. The majority of fruit 
growers are hay and grain purchasers. Those in 
towns and cities who own a cow or horse, to- 
gether with livery stables and public institutions, 



174 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

are patrons of the farmer. Large quantities of 
hay are sent to the mines where domestic ani- 
mals are used. The amount passing through 
the hands of the dealers aggregates many tens of 
thousands of tons annually. 

DAIRYING. 

As the fruit growers depend upon the farmer 
for his hay and grain, and the grain mower looks 
to the fruit grower for his fruits, so does the hor- 
ticulturist in a measure trade with the dairyman 
for his milk and butter, and the dairyman seeks 
the horticulturist for fruits and nuts. The re 
ciprocal relations between producers in Southern 
California are manifold, each occupying his dis- 
tinct field. This kind of reciprocity calls not for 
acute diplomacy on the part of students of econ 
omy, but the necessities of mutual dependence are 
the arbiters of all claims. 

The growing of alfalfa on low lands and its 
rapid growth enabling its owners to cut from six 
to twelve tons per acre during summer, is the se- 
cret of the appearance of the fine butter found in 
our markets. Gratifying as has been the devel- 
opment of dairying the past few years, the sur- 
prising growth of cities and country beckon cap- 
italists to the extension of cheese and butter 
making. 

POULTRY AND EGGS. 

Notwithstanding the attempts of ranchers and 
specialists to meet the demand for eggs and poul- 
try, we have to import millions of pounds from 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 1 75 

the East. Persons with little money and an 
abundance of pluck and energy may find many 
little niches in the country where domestic fowls 
can be raised with profit. 

HONEY. 

California honey is celebrated, even finding a 
market in Europe. The hills and vales abound 
with flowers laden with that which causes the bee 
to search them with diligence. Five million 
pounds of honey are exported annually. Men of 
moderate means find this an inviting calling, and 
our city realizes the value of the honey trade. 
The sugar beet and honey bee are a unit in their 
sweet endeavors. In this, as in all other efforts 
to provide for man's inner needs, the country 
around Los Angeles i» lavishly willing and abund- 
antly able. 

SARDINES. 

A firm at San Pedro employs seventy-five men 
canning sardines. The qualitv of the canned ar- 
ticle is equal to that put up in foreign countries. 
The city receives its share of benefit from this 
new industry. 

THE OLIVE INDUSTRY. 

Great strides have have been made in olive 
culture the past few years. More than fifty va- 
rieties are now grown, and the superior quality 
of the pickled olive and oil are rapidly working 
their way into favorable markets. The supply is 
not equal to the demand, and the beautiful hills 
which rise throughout the valleys invite capital- 



176 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

ists to adorn them with this elegant evergreen 
that is sure to return a handsome revenue for 
the investment. The hills thus ornamented 
would set our country far in advance of< Palestine 
in the zenith of her splendor, besides producing an 
income which would support thousands of peo- 
ple. The world is the market for California's de- 
licious, pickled olives. 

ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER. 

The development of electric light and power 
by means of water power in the mountains, doubt- 
less will open the way for cheap power for small 
factories. There are many useful articles which 
might be manufactured in this city, and no doubt 
will be so soon as the needful power can be sup- 
plied. Capitalists are busy along these lines in 
the San Gabriel and Santa Ana rivers, and the 
day is near at hand when these developments 
will give our city a new impetus in the direction 
of manufacturing. 

SOME NEEDFUL THINGS. 

One million pair of shoes are bought an- 
nually in Southern California. The hides of 
our beeves and pelts of our sheep are sent back 
east, to be tanned with eastern bark, made into 
shoes by eastern workmen, and then freighted 
back here for our own feet. Two freights, several 
manufactories, a half-dozen or more profits — all 
of which our people could have and should 
have. We are growing the canaigre which will 
give us the tannic acid to fit the hides for the 



LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 177 

shoemaker. The shoemaker will eat our fruit, 
poultry, eggs, fish, flour and vegetables. He will 
buy a lot and build thereon, thus stimulating 
the lumber trade, the hardware business, the 
lime and r glass and paint industries, and many 
other lines of commerce. 

The wool we send east should be kept here 
and made into clothing and blankets. The 
electric power can turn the spindles; the tailors 
can turn out the suits and in this way every 
legitimate avenue of trade will receive such mo- 
mentum that our city will soon double her 
wealth and population. 

The corn necessary for canning can be grown 
on our rich soil, and thus we need not send cash 
to Maine for all of this product. With our un- 
rivaled fruits, we should manufacture our jams, 
jellies and preserves, sugar being made in the very 
center of this fruit area. More hogs should be 
raised to stimulate the raising of more corn and 
alfalfa, and the curing of bacon. More tomato 
canneries, and factories to make extracts, and 
vinegar from orange culls, are inviting men of 
means and brains to be useful. 

And the miner needs mills and smelters to 
work his ores. Thousands of square miles of 
rich mineral land lies contiguous to Los Angeles, 
and with the cheap fuel and power at hand, a 
fair portion of the reduction of ores ought to come 
here. 

BRUSH, PENCIL, CAMERA. 

Though time and elements may cause erosions 



178 I,OS ANGElvKS : THEN AND NOW 

and physical changes, the undulating mountains, 
the grand canons, the perspective and variegated 
foothills, the sunlitten and rainbowed falls, the 
enchanted landmarks of a people going out, the 
unrivalled green and orange and olive mingling 
in the orchards, are likely to remain and delight 
the eye of the artist and plethorize his purse. A 
gentleness and loveliness so perfectly character- 
izes the scenery in and around our city that the 
knights of brush and camera fail not to appreci- 
ate their golden opportunities. This everlasting 
brilliancy of sky, islands, hills, vales, mountains 
and rural perfections makes the true artist wear 
his heart all over his face. California scenery 
cannot be described. It may be praised. Lan- 
guage cannot convey the sublimity which 
Deity heaped up here. The artist tries to copy 
it. Sometimes he nearly succeeds; more fre- 
quently his failure is his greatest success. Still, 
nature's scenery never tires in being practiced 
on. 



WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE 

UNION 



€ 



HE Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union invaded Southern California in 
March, 1883, by the organization of a 
Union at Santa Barbara. At Los Angeles it 
gained a home in April following, and by Sep- 
tember, 1883, thirteen Unions were ready to join 
hands — most, if not all of them, the children of 
Miss Frances E. Willard, National President. 

During her visit to the Pacific Coast, Miss Wil- 
lard saw the need of a division of the State for 
effectual temperance work, and through her efforts 
two State organizations were formed. The seven 
southern counties united to create the Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union of Southern Califor- 
nia at a State Convention held in the First Pres- 
byterian Church, Los Angeles, Sept. 20th, 1883, 
when Miss Martha N. Hathaway of Los Angeles, 
was elected President. 

One year later the President pro tern of Kern 
county, said in her annual report: "This county 
has no Unions, and has never been visited by 
any W. C. T. U. workers. Kern county is larger 
than the State of Vermont, and has only one 
church building, two ministers of the M. E. 
church, and one appointment filled twice a month 
by an Episcopal minister from Fresno." Through 



l8o LOS ANGEIvES I THEN AND NOW 

such difficult surroundings has the work pressed 
forward until all of the counties were organized 
for temperance work. 

In one year the "lucky thirteen" charter Un- 
ions doubled their number and had a member- 
ship of 632. That number has increased until 
now there are 88 Woman's Christian Temperance 
Unions, and 13 Young Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Unions, with 1600 active and 264 honor- 
ary members. 

The State officers are: President, Mrs. Mary 
A. Kenney; Vice-President, Mrs. S. Ogilvie Web- 
ber; Corresponding Secretary, Miss G. T. Stick- 
ney; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Lizzie H. Mills; 
Assistant Recording Secretary, Mrs. Sophia Wood 
Plimpton. The State motto is, u The battle is not 
yours, but God," and from the first the evangel- 
istic department has been the foundation of all 
the work, and Christ Jesus the chief corner stone. 

Petition and legislative work were among the 
first efforts, in which co-operation was had with 
Northern California white ribboners. Through 
the combined efforts the "age of consent" for 
girls has been raised from ten to sixteen years, 
though eighteen was desired; a law compelling 
scientific temperance instruction in the public 
schools was secured; one forbidding the sale of 
liquor and tobacco to minors under sixteen years 
of age, and in 1892 a bill passed granting school 
suffrage to women, only to meet a pocket veto. 
The faithfulness of the State Superintendent of 
penal work culminated in the establishing of the 



I.OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW l8l 

Whittier Reform School for boys and girls, which 
is now under State control, and doing much 
good. 

Forty two departments of work are operated, 
being grouped under the general heads of Organ- 
ization, Preventative, Educational, Social and Le- 
gal. There is hardly a cry of distress from hu- 
manity but what finds a sympathetic response of 
practical help from white ribboners. From pro- 
tecting the purity of childhood to rescuing the 
mother's wayward boy or girl, in prison or out, 
the W. C. T. U. seeks to establish the "white life 
for two." 

From a half belief in the high license of the 
liquor traffic, the opinions of the white-ribboners 
firmly favor prohibition. From a fear of endors- 
ing woman suffrage an advance has been made 
until the woman who disfavors the movement is 
the exception. 

In 1892 Southern California W. C. T. U. was 
asked to, and did, adopt the Ransom Industrial 
Home — a home in Los Angeles for friendless and 
erring women — which had been established and 
conducted by Los Angeles ladies. Since that 
time many women have found a temporary shel- 
ter there, and others, the first real christian home 
and care they ever knew. With few exceptions 
the wayward girl's have gone out from the Home 
to lead honest, pure lives. It is almost entirely 
supported by free will offerings. 

A central attraction now is Temperance Tem- 
ple in Los Angeles, the lot for which was donated 



l82 I.OS ANGELAS : THEN AND NOW 

to the society by the Good Templars, and upon 
which now stands a four-story, brick and stone 
building, which cost nearly $50,000, being archi- 
tecturally the nicest building in the city at that 
time. A large auditorium and State headquar- 
ters occupy the first floor, while above are nicely 
finished rooms for offices or lodging-rooms. 

Of the seven Presidents who have presided 
over the State Union, two are "resting from their 
labors, and their works do follow them" — Mrs. 
Olive B. Bird, the third President, and Mrs. 
Sophia A. Keyes, the sixth. The others of the 
seven are Miss Martha N. Hathaway, Mrs. Lucy 
D. More, Mrs. N. P. J. Button, Mrs. Mary E. Gar- 
butt, and present incumbent, Mrs. Mary A. 
Kenney. 

As the little bow of white ribbon is the badge 
of the society, so the women of this southland 
named their official organ the Southern Califor- 
nia White Ribbon. It was founded in 1889 by 
Mrs. Mary Case Lord, who for four years was its 
talented editor. Mrs. Anna S. Wolfskill is the 
present able editor and manager, and she, like all 
her predecessors, serves gratuitously. 



m 



INTERVIEWS, ETC. 

'E find a diversity of opinion among 
the business men in regard to more 
** ^^^ factories being established in our 
midst. Some disagree with us but the majority 
seem to think it entirely feasible to establish new 
manufacturing industries in Los Angeles. As 
Mr. Warren Gillelen says: "A more diversified 
system of manufacturing might be profitably en- 
gaged in in Los Angeles — with ample capital 
and wise management at the head." 

We believe there is an opening here for the 
manufacture of eucalyptus, even if the timber 
must be cultivated. In this connection General 
E. P. Johnson says: "I don't believe it is a prac- 
tical proposition, though I am willing to admit 
that eucalyptus is a hard wood and susceptible 
of a fine polish, etc., but we haven't the timber 
in sufficient quantities and the average tree isn't 
large enough." All due respect to the General's 
opinion; still we invite discussion on this subject 
as we believe there is a field here for that branch 
of industry. 

As to glass: Mr. Victor Ponet is sanguine 
capital could find no better opening anywhere 
than in Los Angeles in a well appointed and 
properly managed glass works. We agree with 
the gentleman, if fuel is cheap enough, as that is 



184 tOS ANGEI.ES : THEN AND NOW 

the great desideratum in the manufacture of 
glass. If we are correctly informed it requires 
three carloads of bituminous coal to manufacture 
one carload of sand into glass. Our oil for fuel 
will, or has, doubtless solved that question. 

We don't care to discuss the factories which 
we think might be established in Los Angeles, 
but we feel sanguine that when practical men, 
seeking new fields for investment, learn of the 
openings here they will not be slow in taking ad- 
vantage of it. And in this connection it is 
within the bounds of truth to say that more cap- 
ital will seek investment west, in 1898, than ever 
in the history of the commercial world. 

In speaking of the opening in Los Angeles for 
a power house — i.e. a building provided with 
power, heat, shafting, etc., to be subject to small 
manufacturers — Mr. F. W. King says: "I agree 
with you on that proposition, as I was in a build- 
ing like that back east and thirty factories were 
in operation under one roof." As to other 
branches Mr. K. said: "I know we are manu- 
facturing in a small way and will continue to 
enlarge as the country develops and I see no 
reason why more factories might not be estab- 
lished here with every prospect of success." 

Bishop George Montgomery thinks our city 
is on the eve of prosperity and that capital will 
soon be attracted and invested in a more di- 
versified system of manufacturing in our growing 
and lovely city. 

Wm. F. Bosbyshell says: "I haven't time for 



T.OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 185 

an interview, but I sincerely believe this is the 
ber't place in the United States for a smelter or 
general reduction works." 

Thos. Pascoe says: "Of course I can't speak 
of manufacturing as well as some others in the 
city, but I know there is much more now being 
done in manufacturing than most of our people 
realize. I think it is entirely feasible to talk of 
more factories in Los Angeles and I don't see 
why a glass works wouldn't prove a profitable 
industry." 

Mr. S. B. Lewis says: "Of course manu- 
facturing will pay in Los Angeles, but I am de- 
cidedly more in favor of urging small factories. 
I would rather see fifty small concerns, each em- 
ploying ten, than one big factory working five 
hundred men, as the small ones will develop 
with the country and be a big success provided 
practical men are at the head." 

E. F. C. Klokke says: "I don't feel competent 
to discuss the question of more factories, but you 
can put me down as being always in favor of any 
and everything to advance the best interests of 
our city. In this connection I want you to see 
Prof. Woodbridge and have him prepare you an 
article on the opening here for capital in manu- 
facturing oar offal frait (lemons) up into acids." 

General C. F. A. Last: "Too busy for an in- 
terview, but I believe therp is a big field, and a 
profitable one, too, in Los Angeles for more fac- 
tories." 

The Gmeral's partner in the oil business, 



1 86 I,OS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

Joseph Baer, says: "The cheap oil for fuel has 
solved the question of manufacturing in our city, 
and I expect to see them develop rapidly." 

Mr. M. A. Hamburger says: "Of course manu- 
facturing here will pay and is paying. We are 
compelled to enlarge our manufacturing plant 
and the belt works here, also a necktie factory 
and several others are increasing rapidly. This 
belt factory we buy from largely as they make a 
better belt and and more suited to this trade than 
any eastern concern ." The gentleman thought 
great strides in manufacturing would be made in 
the next five years. 

Mr. Bluett says: "I am an enthusiast over 
manufacturing being profitably engaged in in 
Los Angeles, and I believe the development of 
manufactories in our city in the next five years 
will surprise everybody. That's all I have to 
say, sir." 



" Los Angeles and Southern California, as 
Viewed by a Life Underwriter," is the subject of 
this article. As the modern history of this sec- 
tion dates back about ten years, I will confine 
myself to this period. While " life" business was, 
of course, done previous fo that time, it is only 
during the above period hat Los Angeles has be- 
come the Southern California headquarters for all 
the leading companies of the country. The life 
business, like all other branches, has become a 
great deal more conservative in recent years, i. e., 
while a large volume of business was written dur- 



I.OS ANGELES J THEN AND NOW 187 

ing the "boom," it was, after all, only "boom 
business," and very little of it now remains on 
the companies' books. In fact, only a small pro- 
portion ever paid a second annual premium. All 
this has changed much in recent years. The bus- 
iness done today is indicative of the stability and 
prosperity of the people of Southern California, 
just as the boom business was indicative of the 
general unrest, "the here-today-and-there-tomor- 
row" feeling, and the financial unrest — aimless 
and speculative spirit of the days of '86 and '87. 
The business written in the last four or five years 
is being renewed at a ratio of 3 to 1, as compared 
to the business of ten years ago, showing that the 
people are more settled, their incomes more reg- 
ular, and that obligations incurred are met, and 
that deliberation has taken the place of the erst- 
while blind haste and chase after phantom for- 
tune. 

The personnel of the " field men" has im- 
proved in the same ratio. Where formerly the 
chain-lightning and plug hat and kid-gloved so- 
licitor made his rounds, getting applications, no 
matter by what representations, the successful life 
insurance man of today must have not only 
standing in the community, but a thorough 
knowledge of the business, and last, but not least, 
a good contract for sale. 

As there is no rule without an exception, so 
the above statement needs modification in at 
least one particular. I refer to the many local 
assessment life associations, whose only claim for 



1 88 tOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

business is "cheapness," and occasionally the 
names of some more or less prominent men on 
the Board of Directors, who rarely ever know even 
the A, B, C of the science of life insurance. Of 
course, the rule of the " survival of the fittest," 
will, in course of time, clear the field of these 
mathematical impossibilities; unfortunately at 
the cost of a great many of the good people of this 
section. We are after all only in a transitory 
st^ge, both commercially and socially, and must 
pass through the regular course of evolution. A 
really good thing will always have quack imita- 
tors anywhere, but a comparatively new territory 
like ours offers a particularly fertile soil for all 
sorts of wild cat schemes until the people here as 
elsewhere shall have learned that good insurance, 
like any other first-class article of merchandise, 
costs money and cannot be had for nothing. 

In conclusion let me say, that for legitimate 
life underwriting, there is no better field on the 
coast than Southern California. 

E. C. Schnabel. 

We have several opera houses, music halls, 
etc , and when asked how Los Angeles compared 
w T ith other cities as an amusement loving city, 
Mr. H. C. Wyatt said: "In answering your 
question as to the merits of Los Angeles as a 
'show town,' will say there are few cities in the 
United States of its size which is better. Our 
patrons are very particular and want the best; 
can't gull them with cheap attractions, they come 



LOS ANGELES I THEN AND NOW 189 

very nearly knowing what is good, or rather 
what they want. Price makes no difference if the 
attraction suits'them, and if they are not suited a 
cut in prices will not draw them out. At present 
we have three regular theaters; one playing only 
first-class attractions, one as a rule plays stock 
companies and one a vaudeville theater. Our 
theaters run the entire } r ear and there are several 
music halls also which run every night — but 
with all this I assure you all are doing well. I 
am also quite certain that we will do even better 
in the future " 

Mr. H. F. Chase says : "I am enthusiastic 
on the subject of manufacturing and fully be- 
lieve that well directed energy and harmonious 
effort on the part of our people will result in 
buiiding up a more diversified system of manu- 
facturing in Los Angeles." 

Mr. Chase was asked how our hotels compared 
with other cities and replied that no city the size 
of Los Angeles could compare with it not only in 
numbers but in the efficient management, excel- 
lent cusine, high character of the chefs and extra 
service throughout,. He also spoke in quite flat- 
tering terms of our many delightful resort hotels 
and predicted a profitable business for all the 
coming season. 

Mr. R. W. Burnham furnishes the following: 
" The advantage of manufactures over agri- 
culture as a source of national wealth lies in the 
making possible a denser population and open- 
ing a more promptly extensible field to enter- 



190 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

prise. In the history of the development of dif- 
ferent sections of the civilized world this fact is 
shown indisputably, that a progressive com- 
munity cannot long continue to have its whole 
practical life founded on territorial property. It 
must sieze and hold every opportunity to ex- 
tend its commercial and manufacturing interests, 
or it will soon be distanced in the race for 
supremacy. 

"Time was when Southern California felt 
that all prosperity petitions must be made to the 
goddess of the bountiful harvest; that the wealth 
of this section lay entirely in horticultural and 
agricultural resources; and that her manufact- 
ures (properly speaking, not manufactures at 
all) must be confined to the conversion of articles 
of food into a more suitable and convenient form 
for shipment. But the discovery and develop- 
ment of her petroleum fields providing a fuel 
for manufacturing purposes, equivalent to coal 
at $3.50 a ton, necessarily expanded her indus- 
trial possibilities. Raw material seeks the cheap 
motive power. 'The mountain cannot go to Ma- 
homet, Mahomet goes to the mountain.' New 
England built her great factories on her water 
courses, brought her cotton from the south, her 
wool from the west, and her great textile [indus- 
tries grew. Pennsylvania had her wealth of 
coal for a basis, Ohio her natural gas. Southern 
California has her petroleum, not * mention the 
water powers of her mountain streams, already 
being utilized and converted into electricity for 



I.OS ANGEXES : THEN AND NOW 191 

use on the plains below. Additional encourage- 
ments to ambitious plans, directed toward the 
making of this section a hive of industrial 
activities, are offered by a mild climate demand- 
ing inexpensive buildings, labor plentiful, living 
cheap, and lastly, an abundance of two impor- 
tant raw materials, wool and iron. 

"I feel justified in saying that an investor 
can place his money here in [many lines of man- 
ufactures with a reasonable promise of a fair re- 
turn, if only desirous of capturing the home 
market, a few lines hold the prospect of success- 
ful competition with eastern centers. 

"The success of our beet sugar factories makes 
one note that as $120,000,000 is annually sent 
from the United Slates for foreign sugar this 
field is hardly crowded as yet. 

"The extensive raising of canaigre suggests 
mills for the extraction of tannin, boot and shoe 
factories, tanneries, etc. Large quantities of 
raw hides are now sent to the east each year to 
be re-imported in various forms of merchandise. 

"The wool industry is reviving, and under 
tariff protection should increase fast. It has 
been one California's greatest productions. Mil- 
lions of pounds are shipped to the east to be 
manufactured into dress goods, woolen hosiery? 
knitted underwear, blankets, flannels, etc., and 
sent back to , .s coast for consumption. All 
these can Y i + urned out here at less than eastern 
manufacturers prices. 

"As yet coke is a necessity in rendering iron 



192 EOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

ores available for commercial purposes, and until 
the Salt Lake road taps for us the coal fields of 
Southern Utah and makes possible the establish- 
ment of reduction works, our inexhaustible 
bodies of iron ore must remain unappropriated 
virgin wealth and our dollars go to swell the 
coffers of eastern and European dealers in manu- 
factured and pig iron. 

"I say nothing of the making of agricultural 
implements, or the undoubted room for expan- 
sion in more varied manufactures from our hor- 
ticultural products; the soundness of investment 
along these lines is undisputed. 

"Lord Bacon says there are three things 
which make a community great and prosperous: 
fertile soil, busy workshops, and easy conveyance 
for men and goods from place to place. The 
fertile soil is beyond dissent; the certainty of 
a deep water harbor guarantees us transportation 
facilities as the need arises, and our cheap mo 
tive power and abundance of raw material, holds 
the great industrial possibilities needed for the 
third side of this magic triangle that encompasses 
wealth and power. But these possibilities will 
not materialize into actualities without the 
dynamo power of human mind and skill. Men 
of enterprise with faith in our manifest destiny 
must light the furnaces. Our people must be 
enthused to the point of feeling a sectional pride 
in keeping the wheels moving of every new in- 
dustry established." 

It is surprising the number of young men in 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 193 

business in Los Angeles — young men at the head 
of our institutions— and on this subject Mr. 
Isadore B. Dockweiler says: ''There's no city in 
any country on earth where the young men are 
so much in the front as right in Los Angeles. 
They are at the head of most of our financial in- 
stitutions, and all lines of mercantile pursuits 
and the vast majority of our able^ professional 
men are young men, or at most just bordering on 
middle age; and you can't find a more progres- 
sive, energetic and higher class of men from a 
brainy standpoint anywhere." 

Mr. Win. Workman predicts an era of won- 
derful growth and development in the manufact- 
ure of iron and steel when the new road is com- 
pleted to Salt Lake City. He says the world 
will be surprised at our progress when these vast 
deposits of iron are made accessible by rail from 
Los Angeles, and that he expects to see this city 
one of the iron and steel marts of the United 
States soon after the completion of the new rail- 
road. 

SENATOR WHITE'S SUMMING UP. 

Senator White contributes the following to 
"The Great West:" 

"Southern California has advanced in a very 
remarkable manner during the last twenty years. 
The center of the greatest progress is undoubted- 
ly Los Angeles city, but the increase of wealth 
and population has been general Notwithstand- 
ing the almost unique prosperity of this section, 
the want of a deep water harbor, safe at all sea- 



194 LOS ANGELES :' THEN AND NOW 

sons, has been recognized as a serious drawback. 
Indeed, it has been universally conceded that the 
further advance of this part of the country must 
be considerably retarded unless congress grants 
aid through the appropriation bills. The vast 
mountain range separating Southern California 
and also Arizona from Central and Northern 
California has increased the embarrassment by 
rendering transportation more difficult and ex- 
pensive. While deep sea vessels now anchor at 
San Pedro, Redondo and Port Los Angeles, such 
anchorage cannot be deemed absolutely reliable 
in tempestuous weather, and this truth is mani- 
fest in marine insurance rates. A casual exami- 
nation of these facts indicates some of the con- 
sequences of the construction of a commodious 
and thoroughly protected harbor. In the first 
place, freight reductions would be had. There 
will be increased water carriage. This will lead 
to manufacturing and growing commerce. The 
population immediately tributary to San Pedro 
consists of over two hundred thousand people, to 
say nothing of Arizona, and must be added to 
day by day. A correspondingly augmented and 
diversified business be will disclosed, attended by 
all the enterprise through which wealth seeks in- 
vestment. Hitherto all efforts to induce direct 
trade from the Orient with the southwest have 
failed mainly because of want of harbor facili 
ties. The shortest all-rail route across the 
United States will be found in the Southern Pa- 
cific line from San Pedro to Galveston, and when 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 195 

the harbor improvements are completed there 
is no doubt that a large amount of through 
freight will be transported over this route. 

"Looking further into the future and contem- 
plating the completion of the Nicaraugua canal, 
we find in the trade development incident to that 
great work another reason for pleasurable an- 
ticipations. 

"While mining matters in Arizona have been 
considered of less moment than formerly, still 
there is much going on in that territory. The 
rich country in the neighborhood of Phoenix is 
prolific in agricultural wealth. Fruit matures 
much earlier than in any other locality. The 
new harbor will be needed more and more, and 
will be the outlet and freight rate regulator for 
an immense area. Incidentally, the benefits to 
result from the San Pedro harbor work will be 
felt throughout California, and will extend to 
Salt Lake and St. Louis. It is very satisfactory 
to know that when this work is done it will 
have been accomplished in spite of selfish ob- 
struction, and in the face of powerful influences 
antagonistic to the public." 

Mr. Wm. Geo. Blewett furnishes the following 
readable and interesting article: 

"Beautiful for situation is Los Augeles. Be- 
tween the mountains and the sea she stands 
flooded with sunshine, yet cool in the shade of 
magnificent foliage, while bedecked with flowers 
and crowned with orange blossoms, like a fair 
young bride. 



196 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

"In the days of old, when her sons and 
daughters dreamed of poetry — not of prose — and 
betook themselves to thinking more of beauty 
and repose than of business cares and worry, 
she was named 'The City of the Angeles.' Well 
did she deserve the honor. And today, while the 
poetical gives place to the practical, and up-to- 
date enterprise takes the place of the 'ease of the 
ancients,' still she stands a 'thing of beauty and 
a joy forever.' And while 'Home, Sweet Home," 
has charms that nothing on earth possesses, just 
so long will the 'City of Homes' be the central 
gem^in this land of golden promise. 

"No one factor has been more potent in pro- 
ducing this city of cozy homes, where the wage- 
earners can literally sit under the shade of their 
own vines and fig trees, than her seventeen 
mutual building and loan associations. The 
purposes of these associations, which in their gen- 
eral features are similar to co-operative banks of 
New England, and the great Berbeck Society of 
Great Britain, is to assist persons of little or no 
means to obtain homes. Those that are blessed 
with wealth will of course come and build beau- 
tiful mansk is in the valley and on the hilltop 
and bask in the sunshine, while they add a long 
lease to life and climatic comforts to old age. 
But what of the frugal and the thrifty, those 
with more muscle than means; the honest toiler, 
the backbone of every community— how shall he 
be able to say 'I live here, my home is here, and 
this is my abiding place forever?' He cannot at- 



LOS ANGEEES : THEN AND NOW I97 

tain such comforts unaided. He must be helped. 
The Mutual Building Association is the chief 
means to that end. Only the citizen that owns 
his home can honestly say 'Home and country 
are one to me — they stand or fall together.' Let 
it here be said to the credit of the Mutual Build- 
ing Associations that no portion of the citizen- 
ship in Los Angeles more fully appreciates the 
comforts of home, and the power for good behind 
the home, where the loved ones are sheltered, 
than our wage-earners that have secured their 
homes through the aid offered by these co-oper- 
ative societies. Then it is, when so precisely ob 
tained, that the home is the safeguard and bul- 
wark of American liberty. There are thousands 
of homes in uos Angeles, owned by their occu- 
pants, and built through these mutual associa- 
tions that would never be otherwise built, be- 
cause upon this kind of 'purchase plan' the pay- 
ments are made monthly and for about the same 
amount as the rent would otherwise be. So it is 
that in the ppace of 72 to 84 or 100 months, ac- 
cording to the amount so paid monthly, these 
homes have been paid for. They stand today 
free from debt, monuments of beaut- > to the credit 
of the thoughtful, persevering, frugal wage- 
earners of this city, whose honest labor has thus 
oeen made to adorn many of its streets with the 
most inviting beauty; where the birds and flow- 
ers mingle, and the merry children prattle, and 
the boys and girls are dancing to the music of 
content, with books and pleasure plenty, while 



190 LOS ANGEXKS : THKN AND now 

the mothers smile all sweetness and the fathers 
are at peace, feeling they have done their duty 
both to loved ones and to the country. 

"The plan is simple. If the wage-earner has 
nothing to begin with but labor, be can at any 
time combine with it 'frugality,' which enables 
him to save his money by taking 'deposit stock,' 
then, after 12, 20 or 30 months, suppose his 
monthly deposits amount to $500, he may then 
withdraw this sum and buy a lot, and upon it 
and the $800, five-room cottage he plans to build 
he may borrow the $800, which is then paid out 
to him by the Association, as the building pro- 
gresses. Finally it is completed and he occu- 
pies it. He repays the sum by taking 8 shares 
in the Association, of the par value of $100 each, 
and pays therefor 70c each per month, i.e. $4.8.0. 
This is a sinking fund that the borrower is creat- 
ing monthly, which, with his pro rata share of 
the profit, matures his stock to par in about 96 
months, and it being then worth $800, his loan is 
thus repaid in full. It will be observed that only 
$460.80 has been deposited to mature $800, hence 
$339.20 of profit is realized as the borrower's 
share. The usual rate of interest paid is six per 
cent., and a premium of 50 cents per share per 
month for priority of loan, making one per cent., 
or $1 per month for each $100; hence the monthly 
payment for above named $800 would be $12.80, 
juet about the rent charged for a similar cottage. 
The renter would have only 96 receipts to show, 
while the borrower would have his home paid for. 



LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 199 

"There are in the State of California 155 of 
these Mutual Building and Loan Associations 
with an authorized capital stock of nearly $700,- 
000,000 and a working capital paid in of nearly 
$22,000,000. For the fiscal year of '96 '97, they 
made net profits of $1,337,824.42, or an average 
of about 7 1-5 per cent, on the loans in force. The 
associations in this State are divided into three 
classes. First. — "Locals," that operate in the 
immediate locality in which (see Cal. '97 Report) 
organized, and they made a net profit last year 
of 6| per cent. Second. — "Nationals" that oper- 
ate all over the State, and they made a net pro- 
fit of 11^ per cent. Third. — "The Co-operative 
Banks," a combination of banking and building 
loan, operating throughout the State, made a net 
profit of 6 57-100 per cent. The national plan is 
by far the most successful, both in the way of 
profits, and in the number of dwellings erected in 
proportion to the money invested. These asso- 
ciations were first organized in this State in 1872. 
For the first ten years the busines was small, but 
during the last fifteen years, and especially so 
within the last five years, it has been very large. 
Some 12,000 homes have been built altogether that 
probably house 60,000 people. It is but fair to pre- 
sume that fully 75 per cent, of this number would 
not otherwise have obtained a home, hence about 
45,000 to 50,000 people are today comfortably 
situated in their own homes in California, by and 
through this mutual system of home getting that 
would still be an "unknown quantity" of no fixed 



200 LOS ANGELES : THEN AND NOW 

benefit to any community. Of the good done by 
these associations, the half will never be told. It 
means to the State a better citizenship, and to 
the respective localities a greater degree of pros- 
perity than if this accumulated wealth was oth- 
erwise distributed. It is now a part of the State's 
material wealth, but under a lesser home influence 
on the part of the people, it would be tied up in 
landlordism, too much of which is a curse. It is 
estimated that in Los Angeles alone, about 75 per 
cent, of the property owners owing homes that cost 
$500 to $5000 each, have built on this monthly 
payment installment plan; hence the material 
thus used and the labor performed kept our fair 
city alive with the music of "hammer and saw" 
through the past four years, when other cities saw 
but little or no sign of progress. The natural 
resources of Southern California, both in soil and 
climate, cannot help but make Los Angeles a 
great metropolis, and these Mutual Building and 
Loan Associations are the very best systems ex- 
tant for enabling the wage-earner to save and 
build for himself a home, and will do more to- 
ward helping the new-comer to become "a settler 
for good" than perhaps any other one factor, by 
simply helping the willing and the thrifty to help 
themselves. 



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